SEARCH
検索詳細
小西 宗大学院海事科学研究科 海事科学専攻助教
研究活動情報
■ 論文- 2025年10月, WMU JOURNAL OF MARITIME AFFAIRS, 英語研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Informa UK Limited, 2025年07月, Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 1 - 17[査読有り]研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Faculty of Navigation, 2025年, TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 19(4) (4), 1179 - 1185研究論文(学術雑誌)
- The International Maritime Organization (IMO) began developing a regulatory framework for MASS in 2018. In the case of a manned MASS, it is assumed that the ship’s maneuvering authority is suddenly transferred from the automated system to the officer on board. Unfortunately, owing to this autonomous system, newer seafarers skills and experience may be relatively lower than traditional seafarers. Numerous emergency scenarios require rapid decision-making. Thus, elucidating experience-based attributes of response time is essential for expressing the competencies required for future MASS officers. In this study, assuming the realization of autonomous navigation at Degree 1 or Degree 2, this study aims to clarify the features of the time taken by ship operators to respond to an emergency, including the first actions taken as an emergency response. The experiment was conducted with three groups: students, officers, and captains. In this experiment, a sudden transfer of the right to maneuver was simulated. Therefore, a whiteboard was used to keep the display out of sight until the beginning of the scenario. he participants maneuvered the ship to respond to an emergency by avoiding collisions with another vessel. The features of each group’s emergency response were analyzed based on the presence or absence of a collision in the scenario, the time required to respond to the emergency, and the type of initial response. According to the results, the response time of the Student and Officer groups in the non-collision team was relatively short because they judged that the time available to recognize the situation was insufficient and tried to make more time and distance. Furthermore, the response time of the Captain group was relatively long because they responded to the situation after gathering sufficient situational awareness.Japan Institute of Navigation, 2025年, Transactions of Navigation, 10(2) (2), 69 - 75, 英語[査読有り]
- Global maritime traffic is increasing, and the development of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is progressing. Demonstrations have been carried out, and the first fully autonomous voyage under human supervision was completed in Norway in 2023. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is developing regulations for the introduction of MASS and aims to issue a mandatory MASS Code in 2032. Research is being conducted on the actual management of engine plants and maintenance methods for the realization of MASS, but research on how to safely operate and manage ships is still lacking. The aim of this paper is to capture an overview of the changes in ship management with the advent of MASS by means of a questionnaire survey of seafarers in ocean shipping companies. Cooperation was obtained from 100 captains and deck officers to clarify this objective. Regarding the items studied, an analysis is made of the expected changes in ship management and how they are expected to change in the future.Japan Institute of Navigation, 2025年, Transactions of Navigation, 10(2) (2), 45 - 56, 英語[査読有り]
- Globally, advancements toward the development of autonomous ships are accelerating. However, there has been inadequate focus on the fallback measures—specifically, how to safely revert control to human operators when the system fails to respond adequately. It is essential to specify the skills that marine officers on future autonomous ships will need, such as making rapid collision avoidance decisions. Prior research shown that indicating differences in preparatory actions based on experience even in standard navigation. It is plausible that similar variances of pre-evasion actions exist in emergencies, and understanding these could be pivotal in determining the skills required for seafarers on future autonomous ships. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the characteristics of actions taken by navigators before initiating emergency evasion maneuvers. This study highlights distinct differences in the ability to gather and utilize information based on the level of experience among navigators. Despite their diligent efforts to thoroughly observe their surroundings, inexperienced students were unable to gather sufficient information to avoid collisions. In contrast, among officers with some experience, those in the non-collision group spent relatively more time per instance observing the radar and were considered successful in acquiring the necessary data through radar observation. Captains had the highest proportion of radar observation behavior among all groups. This suggests that captains may demonstrated proficiency in employing appropriate information-gathering methods that are customized to the demands of the situation.Japan Institute of Navigation, 2025年, Transactions of Navigation, 10(2) (2), 76 - 82, 英語[査読有り]
- American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2023年12月, ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, 9(4) (4)研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Elsevier BV, 2023年02月, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 109140 - 109140[査読有り]研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Faculty of Navigation, 2023年, TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 17(4) (4), 873 - 880研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Current stern lights can be used during night lookout to gauge the presence of an approaching vessel, but since the light emission range of the stern light is wide at 67.5° on each side, it is difficult to estimate the direction of travel of vessels with these types of stern lights. This study aims to investigate more effective ways to determine if a vessel is approaching, and utilized a questionnaire survey to see if the introduction and expansion of side passage lights, which are currently used on Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCVs), would solve the problem of the current stern lights. Analysis of the survey results discovered that these side passage lights contribute to a more accurate estimation of the approximate heading in nighttime overtaking conditions, although the accuracy is lower than that in the daytime. Furthermore, based on the results of the questionnaire, if side passage lights are widely adapted, it is unlikely that confusion will arise in the future, even if side passage lights are widely used by other vessels besides container vessels.Japan Institute of Navigation, 2023年, Transactions of Navigation, 8(2) (2), 63 - 72, 英語
- 2022年02月, Journal of Navigation, 75(2) (2), 1 - 16, 英語[査読有り]研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Abstract Uncertainty in a complex socio-technical system, such as ship, is given. Yet, surprisingly, most of the ship operations were done without any significant problem. In this case, the ship officer as the operator plays an important role in maintaining ship safety. Human performance is unpredictable and varies on the condition. However, variation in human performance is more likely to produce acceptable outcomes than adverse outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how human variability performance in specific officers onboard contributes to successful ship operation. Evaluation of officer variability performance for establishing safety in everyday ship operation has been done using Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) in this study. FRAM is Safety-II based tool that provides concepts and models for safety analysis that use terms called function to describe system activities. An essential feature of FRAM is the mean that is necessary to explain the activity of a system in which the functions are mutually dependent. System activities are modeled in terms of how the system works to ensure that it performs systematically. Key functions of officer activities onboard are generated through observation in training ship Fukae-maru owned by Kobe University. As a result, FRAM could define how officer variability performance contributes to system propagation and create a safe ship operation.IOP Publishing, 2022年01月, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 972(1) (1), 012044 - 012044研究論文(学術雑誌)
- 各種船舶間航法適用の前提条件についての考察 : 漁ろうに従事している船舶の灯火を中心にCollisions between fishing vessels and other vessels lead to many dead or missing fishermen, and the impact on society is very large. According to Article 18 of the "Act on Preventing Collisions at Sea" (hereafter referred to as Prevention Law), vessels engaged in fishing are granted priority of navigation. As a prerequisite for this priority status, it is necessary to display lights and shapes specified by Article 26 of the Prevention Law. Vessels engaged in fishing often do not show up on radar, so it is very important for ship operators to display the required lights and shapes as a means for visual judgement of nearby vessels. Collisions of vessels engaged in fishing can occur when they do not display lights and shapes while at sea. Compounding this problem, it can be difficult for ship operators to determine whether to apply Article 18 of the Prevention Law, the fixed navigation law, or Articles 38 and 39 of the Prevention Law(1).This study examines the circumstances of vessels engaged in fishing that do not display legal lights and shapes, and also investigates the problem of the prerequisites for vessels engaged in fishing. Finally, differences of applicable navigation regarding these rules and regulations are also taken into consideration.日本航海学会, 2021年07月, 日本航海学会論文集, (140) (140), 8 - 17, 日本語[査読有り]研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Japan Institute of Navigation, 2020年12月, 日本航海学会論文集, 143(0) (0), 18 - 30, 日本語[査読有り]研究論文(学術雑誌)
- 独立行政法人 労働安全衛生総合研究所, 2018年, 労働安全衛生研究, 11(1) (1), 39 - 46, 日本語
海上交通の事故である海難は,他の産業と比較して発生件数は少ない.しかし,一度発生するとその被害は莫大なものになる.船舶は乗組員が交代しながら24時間体制で運航されている.乗組員は,操縦を担当する乗組員だけでなく,機関を整備する乗組員等が乗船勤務しており,生活を伴う移動する職場である.その職場の安全が脅かされるという意味で,海難は労働安全上発生してはならないものである.船舶を安全に操るためには,陸上にある灯台や島といったランドマークを手掛かりとして自船の位置を把握する必要があり,そのためには,水平視点で見ている自身の網膜に映る像と,鉛直上方から見下ろすような俯瞰的な視点で描かれた平面図である海図を一致させる必要がある.ランドマークの特定に関して学生の個人差があるように感じられ,経験による指導だけでなく学生の特徴を把握し,指導法を考える必要がある.本研究は,船長・航海士を養成するコースの学生を対象に,海上交通におけるランドマークの特定について方向感覚と動機の影響を検討することを目的とし,海図描画課題と質問紙調査を行った.その結果,海上交通における学生のランドマークの特定について方向感覚が要因として存在することが推察され,学生の方向感覚に応じた指導方法を検討する必要があると考えられた.
- 公益社団法人 日本航海学会, 2018年, 日本航海学会論文集, 138, 12 - 19, 日本語
There are many cases when a fishing skipper dies by a collision between a fishing vessels and a merchant vessel. Act on Preventing Collision at Sea require vessels to keep a proper lookout at all times. However, as fishing vessels can't always employ an Officer of the Watch(OOW), bad lookouts are the cause of many collisions.
This paper examined cases when vessels didn't keep proper look out between fishing vessels and merchant vessels in the judgment of Japan marine accident inquiries. As a result of the examination, it was clear that there was "prejudice" in the stage before "risk of collision" in both vessels.
This paper pointed out the problems of "prejudice," and also suggested to get measures for accidents according to prejudice.
[査読有り] - 本研究では,画面上に表示された情報による遠隔操船を考えるための基礎的研究として,操船シミュレータを用い,目視情報のみを使用し衝突回避判断を行う実験と,計器情報(レーダー)のみを使用し衝突回避判断を行う実験を,出現する隻数の異なる2種類の交通流で実施し,情報源の違いによる衝突回避判断に関して検討を行った.実験参加者は,知識はあるが実航海での経験がない14名であった.衝突回避判断および衝突回避判断に関わる事項を調査分析した.その結果,他船が一隻の状況では衝突回避判断に差がないが,他船が複数隻存在する状況では,計器情報の方が早めに衝突回避を行うことが示された.このことは,衝突回避判断に関わる事項(「関心を抱く船」,「衝突回避判断の背景」)において,情報源間で差異が生じているためと考えられた.一般社団法人 日本人間工学会, 2017年12月, 人間工学, 53(6) (6), 205 - 213, 日本語[査読有り]
- Japan Institute of Navigation, 2017年03月, Transactions of Navigation Online ISSN : 2189-5511, 2(1) (1), 1 - 13, 英語[査読有り]研究論文(学術雑誌)
- Navigational equipment is used to render accurate numerical data to Officers on Watch (OOW) so that they can maneuver well and navigate vessels safely. However, from the aspect of OOW, sometimes the large amounts of information and data generated by navigational equipment can be difficult to understand. COLREGS aren't always as useful as they need to be; they are collision avoidance rules that lack technical advice, which can occasionally cause problems for OOW during navigation. For example, COLREGS Rule 19 is generally defined as “Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility”. However, COLREGS do not provide any numerical standard for restricted visibility conditions that are necessary for the OOW, such as the specified values or numbers for vessel maneuvering. A brief summary of missing information from the COLREGS is as follows: ① Vessel size creates different time lags of reaction between ships or vessels after a “risk of collision” has been identified, ② The confusion of applying Rule 18 or Rule 19, ③ The failure to clarify current visibility as good or poor; and ④ Over-reliance on the information and data generated by navigational equipment. These four interconnected factors contribute to collision accidents under restricted visibility conditions. After an introduction to the legal background in this paper, the authors will further analyze the data collection from real collision cases, and finally conclude with some proposals to solve the problems outlined, as well as the directions for future research.Japan Institute of Navigation, 2017年, Transactions of Navigation, 2(1) (1), 25 - 33, 日本語
- 公益社団法人 日本航海学会, 2017年, 日本航海学会論文集, 137, 15 - 26, 日本語
Rule17(a)(ii) was introduced by a legal revision in the 1972 COLREGs. The 1960 COLREGs required the stand-on vessel to keep her course and speed until compulsory action was required by the stand-on vessel.
In the 1972 COLREGs, the stand-on vessel could act at an earlier stage under Rule17(a)(ii); if the stand-on vessel was freed from strict obligation, she could take action in order to avoid immediate danger. As Rule17(a)(ii) is permissive, however, the new Rule17 still does not inform the OOW at which moment his right is replaced by an obligation to act.
This paper examined the judgement of marine accident inquiry to which Article17(2) was applied, and also pointed out the problems of COLREGs Rule17(a)(ii) via interpretation of the law.
[査読有り] - 公益社団法人 日本航海学会, 2017年, 日本航海学会論文集, 137, 37 - 49, 日本語
The word "innocuously passing" is used daily in Japan marine accident inquiry. The phrase "innocuously passing" means that there is no "risk of collision". When a collision was judged to arise from an "innocuously passing" situation, Rule 2(special circumstances of the case) was applied. This occurrence raises a problem: OOW cannot judge whether a situation is "innocuously passing" or a "risk of collision" immediately before a collision. If Rule 2 applies, judgement dictates that the action as Rule 17a(ii) and Rule 17b of the stand-on vessel has caused the collision.
This paper examines the judgement of marine accident inquiries when the "innocuously passing" designation was applied, and also highlights inherent problems with the concept "innocuously passing."
[査読有り]
- 2026年05月, 日本航海学会講演予稿集, 14(1) (1), 24 - 27船舶における「花毛布」制作の実態[査読有り]研究発表ペーパー・要旨(全国大会,その他学術会議)
- 2025年12月, Proceedings of ANC 2025, B2-3Analysis of Ship Navigation Resilience Through Ship Maneuvering Process Using Ship Simulator[査読有り]研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)
- 2025年12月, Proceedings of ANC 2025, A5-3Hana-Moufu Historical Media in Kobe City Museum’s Nakamura Collection[査読有り]研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)
- 2025年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2025操船シミュレータを用いた操船者の状況認識と意思決定について
- 2025年, 海洋人間学雑誌(Web), 14(1) (1)大学研究室のSNS広報に関する研究
- 2024年11月, 海洋人間学雑誌, 13(2) (2), 53 - 53大阪商船の広報にみられる「花毛布」について研究発表ペーパー・要旨(全国大会,その他学術会議)
- Japan Institute of Navigation, 2024年, NAVIGATION, 227, 12 - 12, 日本語
- 2023年11月, Proceedings of ANC 2023, 47 - 54Feature of the time required by a ship operator to respond to an emergency[査読有り]研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)
- 2023年, 海洋人間学雑誌(Web), 12(2) (2)実習授業におけるリーダーシップに関する一考察
- Japan Institute of Navigation, 2023年, NAVIGATION, 223, 15 - 16, 日本語
- Japan Institute of Navigation, 2023年, NAVIGATION, 223, 17 - 18, 日本語
- 2022年10月, Proceedings of ANC 2022, A2-3Collision Analyze and Map Plotting of Korea – Japan navigating vessels研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)
- 2022年10月, Proceedings of ANC 2022, A2-3Learning Officer Performance Variability from Dangerous Ship Encounter Situations in Ship Simulator[査読有り]研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)
- 2022年10月, Proceedings of ANC 2022, B2-1Collecting and Analyzing Successful Experiences in Difficult Collision Avoidance[査読有り]研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)
- 一般社団法人 日本人間工学会, 2022年07月30日, 人間工学, 58(Supplement) (Supplement), 1E2-03 - 1E2-03, 日本語
- 2022年, 海洋人間学雑誌(Web), 11(2) (2)操船者の緊急対応までの行動に関する研究
- 2022年, 海洋人間学雑誌(Web), 11(2) (2)学生の自動運航船社会に対するイメージ
- 2020年, 日本航海学会講演予稿集(Web), 8(1) (1)海難審判における「新たな衝突の危険」の適用について
- 2018年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2018海上交通におけるランドマーク特定方法の違いについて
- 2018年, 日本航海学会講演予稿集(Web), 6(2) (2)各種船舶間航法適用の前提条件についての考察-漁ろうに従事している船舶の灯火を中心に-
- 2017年, 日本航海学会講演予稿集(Web), 5(2) (2)「思い込み」が見張りに及ぼす影響についての一考察-漁船と漁船以外の船舶の衝突事故を中心に-
- 2017年, 日本航海学会講演予稿集(Web), 5(1) (1)「新たな衝突のおそれ」適用事例における「無難に航過する」の問題について
- 2017年, 日本航海学会講演予稿集(Web), 5(1) (1)海上衝突予防法第17条第2項についての一考察
- 2017年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2017操船シミュレータを用いた教育効果の検討について
- 2017年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2017海上交通における地形の把握について
- 公益社団法人 日本航海学会, 2017年, 日本航海学会誌 NAVIGATION, 201, 3 - 14, 日本語[査読有り]
- 公益社団法人 日本航海学会, 2017年, 日本航海学会誌 NAVIGATION, 201, 17 - 22, 日本語[査読有り]
- 2016年09月, 海洋人間学雑誌, 5(2) (2), 38 - 38帆船を用いた企業研修が参加者に与える影響について研究発表ペーパー・要旨(全国大会,その他学術会議)
- 2016年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2016簡易操船シミュレーターを用いた訓練生の他船状況認識の変化について
- 一般社団法人 日本人間工学会, 2016年, 人間工学, 52(Supplement) (Supplement), S408 - S409, 日本語
- 一般社団法人 日本人間工学会, 2016年, 人間工学, 52(Supplement) (Supplement), S410 - S411, 日本語
- 2015年09月, 海洋人間学雑誌, 4(2) (2), 68 - 68帆船を用いた新人社員研修プログラムが参加者に与える影響について研究発表ペーパー・要旨(全国大会,その他学術会議)
- 2015年09月, 海洋人間学雑誌, 4(2) (2), 67 - 67海上交通における目標物の特定について研究発表ペーパー・要旨(全国大会,その他学術会議)
- 2015年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2015船舶運航シミュレータにおける学生の船橋内での行動について
- 2015年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2015船舶交通における学生の他船に関する状況認識について
- 2014年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2014船舶運航シミュレータにおけるチェックリスト課題が覚醒水準に与える影響
- 公益社団法人 日本航海学会, 2014年, 日本航海学会誌 NAVIGATION, 188, 101 - 101, 日本語
- 2013年09月, 海洋人間学雑誌, 2(2) (2), 53 - 53船舶運航中における眠気に関するヒアリング調査研究発表ペーパー・要旨(全国大会,その他学術会議)
- 2013年, 日本人間工学会関西支部大会講演論文集, 2013船舶運航シミュレータにおける会話の影響:覚醒水準に着目して
