In Hindu Bali, coconut trees near human settlements exhibit a particular silhouette. To understand the relationship between human activity and the landscape created by plant usage, we analyzed the extent of the cut-leaved coconut canopies and consumption pattern of coconut leaflets for religious purposes on Bali Island. Cut-leaved coconut canopies were identified in 78% of the 18 sites investigated, and 22% of coconut trees had cut leaves. Coconut leaflets, young and old, were gathered from live trees and frequently used for many offerings such as canang, penjor, and sanggah cucuk for Dewi Sri as part of plant decorations made with various colorful flowers and ornamental tree leaves. Balinese people still make traditional offerings with intact plant materials, although recently coconut leaflets are increasingly sold in markets in urban areas. We conclude that this particular coconut silhouette is a result of human ritual activities stemming from the Balinese culture.

オーストラリア東部に生育するヒエ属植物の生息状況について,2008年3月に現地調査を実施した.本調査において,4種の1年生在来種,<i>E.dietrichiana</i>,<i>E.inundata</i>,<i>E.telmatophila</i>,および<i>E.turneriana</i>,および3種の外来種,<i>E.colona</i>,<i>E.crus-galli</i>,および<i>E.polystachya</i>,を観察した.在来種は互いに生息地を異にしており,<i>E.dietrichiana</i>は常時冠水状態にある沼地,<i>E.inundata</i>は内陸の氾濫平原,<i>E.telmatophila</i>は小川の中およびその近く,<i>E.turneriana</i>は内陸の水路にそれぞれ自生していた.一方,外来

東北，中部，四国の山岳道路周辺において2003年から2005年にかけて出現植物種の調査を行い，1979年との比較から二十数年間での植生の垂直分布の変動の有無を検証した。また気温資料の収集と計算を行い植生との関連性を見た。その結果，今回の調査地点での1951～1980年と1971～2000年での年平均気温の準平年値の差は約-0.05～0.66℃で, 温暖化の傾向が見られた。また出現地点の標高の変化を検討した20種のうち18種で分布の上方への移動が見られた。対応分析による調査地点と植物種の座標付けでの第1軸地点スコア，種スコアはいずれも気温と強い相関が見られ，山岳地での植物種の分布域変化に気温変動が影響していることが示唆された。

9月と10月の2期の測定において裸地、マンネングサ、芝生とも土壌含水率0.3g cm<SUP>-3</SUP>までは土壌含水率の増加にともない蒸発散量が増加した。さらに裸地、マンネングサ、芝生とも蒸発散量の増加にしたがい群落表面温度が低下した。温度低下の傾向には植物による明瞭な差は認められなかった。また、マンネングサ、芝生、モルタル平板ブロックについて分光反射特性を調べた結果、土壌含水率の違いによって裸地、マンネングサ、芝生の反射率が変化し、土壌乾燥条件よりも土壌湿潤条件の方が反射率は高かった。特に近赤外領域での反射率の増加が顕著であった。

The evapo-transpirations were measured by weighing lysimeter continually at every half hour for turfs of Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis and turf of Sedum mexicanum which were important plant material for roof top gardens. Evaporation from bare soil was also measured. Air temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind and light intensity (PFFD) were measured consequently at every o

Leaves size in longitudinal and transverse direction of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber.) were measured in every two days after removal of whole above ground organs at natural day length and at dark conditions in pots culture. Area and dry weight of each leaf was estimated non-destructively by using allometric relations, which were made from sampling leaves. The light con

The purpose of this study was to investigate how existing bamboo forests expanded and to estimate their expansion. The bamboo forests were followed from 1968 to 2002. The data obtained were collected by using the GIS system at four points in time: 1968, 1978, 1992, and 2002. They were statistically analyzed to examine changes over time. The results showed that before 1992, bamb

In this study, the relation between the structural changes of bamboo forests and the distances from the bamboo forests to the nearest residential areas was investigated in order to evaluate the relationship between human activities and the structural changes of the bamboo forests over two time periods. The results obtained from 1968 to 1978 demonstrated that the percentage of b

本研究は, 岸和田市における竹林の拡大特性を調査した。その結果, 1968年に竹林数567箇所, 総竹林面積2,134,600m<SUB>2</SUB>, 1978年に竹林数619箇所, 総竹林面積2,535,000m<SUB>2</SUB>, 1992年に竹林数773箇所総竹林面積4,210,700m<SUB>2</SUB>を示し竹林の拡大は明らかで, 特に1978～1992年の拡大が顕著である。拡大特性は標高50～100m, 傾斜度5～10°, 傾斜方位は南南東で面積拡大を示し, 標高0～50m, 傾斜度0～5°, 傾斜方位は東北東で箇所増加と平均竹林面積の減少傾向を示した。

竹林は近年になってその資源利用の低迷にともない、 竹林地の管理は粗放状態にあり、その分布は拡大方向にある。本研究では、大阪泉南地域を調査地として都市近郊林における竹林の分布状況の変化を調べ、その現状を明らかにした。調査は、1947年、 1970年、1993年の1/25,000地形図から土地利用についての判読を行い、竹林との関係を調べた。その結果、この地域の竹林は、1947年～1993年にかけて約18.7 ha～約207 haへと増加していること、竹林の分布は居住地周辺に多く見られることが分かった。また、針葉樹林や果樹園が竹林化していること、竹林の面積が大きいほど相対的な拡大率が小さい傾向が見られた。

本調査は「ヒエ属植物の国際雑草化に関する海外学術調査」におけるオセアニア地域調査として、2008年9月27日から10月5日の期間、パプアニューギニア国モロベ州において実施された。同国では4種のヒエ属植物が記録されている。モロベ州のLaeおよびFinschhafen周辺調査で前2種を観察したが、同国東部の沼沢地に自生するとされる後2種については観察できなかった。観察したE. colonaの形態的、生態的特徴については別に詳述し、本稿では同国で見聞した植物の利用について報告する。数日間の現地滞在中に露店、集落、担ぎ荷、および聞き取り調査で記録した植物は食用作物16種、食用野生きのこ類数種、嗜好料作物3種、建築資材など7種であった。華僑が経営する食料品店には、輸入品の米、タマネギ、ビスケット、各種缶詰類があったが、リストから除外した。

9月と10月の2期の測定において裸地、マンネングサ、芝生とも土壌含水率0.3g cm^<-3>までは土壌含水率の増加にともない蒸発散量が増加した。さらに裸地、マンネングサ、芝生とも蒸発散量の増加にしたがい群落表面温度が低下した。温度低下の傾向には植物による明瞭な差は認められなかった。また、マンネングサ、芝生、モルタル平板ブロックについて分光反射特性を調べた結果、土壌含水率の違いによって裸地、マンネングサ、芝生の反射率が変化し、土壌乾燥条件よりも土壌湿潤条件の方が反射率は高かった。特に近赤外領域での反射率の増加が顕著であった。

The evapo-transpirations were measured by weighing lysimeter continually at every half hour for turfs of Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis and turf of Sedum mexicanum which were important plant material for roof top gardens. Evaporation from bare soil was also measured. Air temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind and light intensity (PFFD) were measured consequently at every one hour. As results, among the environmental factors, light intensity and water vapor deficit were strongly correlated to the evapo-transpiration water amount. So, the averages were calculated at many combinations of the two factors. By the most cases except at the highest light intensity and the highest water vapor deficit, evapo-transpiration were increased according with the light intensity or increasing of water vapor deficit, and the evapo-transpiration were not so much different among Cynodon, Sedum and bare soil. The fact shows that there is no difference about the temperature effect among Cynodon, Sedum and even bare soil by water evaporation. At the highest light intensity and the highest water vapor deficit, Cynodon and bare soil accelerated the transpiration. It would lead to withering for Cynodon. But the Sedum turf decreased the evapo-transpiration and could be tolerant against dry up.

Leaves size in longitudinal and transverse direction of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber.) were measured in every two days after removal of whole above ground organs at natural day length and at dark conditions in pots culture. Area and dry weight of each leaf was estimated non-destructively by using allometric relations, which were made from sampling leaves. The light condition caused differences in re-growth of dandelions between at natural day length and at dark condition. Light-photosynthesis curve revealed that light saturated productivity of leaves was about 13.0 CO^2μmol/m^2/sec. and that respiration rate as 0.49 CO^2μmol/m^2/sec. Quantity balance of photosynthetic production was estimated for each leaf in every day. New leaf grew rapidly and reached the maximum size in 10 days after emergence. Surplus production kept nearly balanced zero throughout this period. The balance became surplus after leaf completed the growth. Production economy during the early stage in each leaf was a self-supporting process without depending source on other organs. A leaf got about 0.3g dry weight surplus production during the life span. It is considered that these characteristics of dandelion adapted to the grassland that disturbed frequently by mowing or trampling.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how existing bamboo forests expanded and to estimate their expansion. The bamboo forests were followed from 1968 to 2002. The data obtained were collected by using the GIS system at four points in time: 1968, 1978, 1992, and 2002. They were statistically analyzed to examine changes over time. The results showed that before 1992, bamboo forests with increasing area largely outnumbered those with decreasing area, while after 1992, the number of bamboo forests with decreasing area approached that of bamboo forests with increasing area. Then, the relative expansion rate was calculated using a logistic equation. The relative rate reached its peak in 1978, which it maintained until 1992, when the rate started to slow. When the relative expansion was evaluated in relation to land use, the relative rate of bamboo forests surrounding relatively untouched land was higher, while the rate of expansion of bamboo forests surrounding residential areas became slower. This study offers fundamental knowledge helpful in the proper management of bamboo forests.

In this study, the relation between the structural changes of bamboo forests and the distances from the bamboo forests to the nearest residential areas was investigated in order to evaluate the relationship between human activities and the structural changes of the bamboo forests over two time periods. The results obtained from 1968 to 1978 demonstrated that the percentage of bamboo forests having a residential area within a radius of 250 m was higher in Group B, in which the area of the bamboo forests increased over the time, than in Group A, in which the area of the bamboo forests increased over the time. This indicated that the expansion of the bamboo forests was restricted. On the other hand, the results obtained from 1978 to 1992 showed that the percentage of bamboo forests having a residential area within a radius of 50 or 100 m was slightly higher in Group B than in Group A, and that of bamboo forests having a residential area within a radius of 250 m was lower in Group B than in Group A. These results indicated that bamboo forests were poorly managed at a 250-m distance from the residential areas, and then the poor management has gradually come closer to the residential areas, resulting in the expansion of the bamboo forests.

竹林は近年になってその資源利用の低迷にともない、竹林地の管理は粗放状態にあり、その分布は拡大方向にある。本研究では、大阪泉南地域を調査地として都市近郊林における竹林の分布状況の変化を調べ、その現状を明らかにした。調査は、1947年、1970年、1993年の1/25,000地形図から土地利用についての判読を行い、竹林との関係を調べた。その結果、この地域の竹林は、1947年〜1993年にかけて約18.7ha〜約207haへと増加していること、竹林の分布は居住地周辺に多く見られることが分かった。また、針葉樹林や果樹園が竹林化していること、竹林の面積が大きいほど相対的な拡大率が小さい傾向が見られた。