Research activity information

• ‘Ice sheet conservation’ and international discord: governing (potential) glacial geoengineering in Antarctica

  Patrick Flamm, Akiho Shibata

  Abstract Should current unmitigated emissions continue, there is a growing chance of collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, one of the planetary climate tipping points at greatest risk of being crossed. Such a collapse would subject the world to an increase of several metres in average global sea-level rise over just a few centuries. In this context, there is an academic debate about the potential of supporting glacial stability through artificial infrastructures such as an undersea ‘curtain’. However, this ‘ice sheet conservation’ would come with significant yet unforeseeable technical and environmental risks. Moreover, in this debate governance risks have been either neglected or understated. We argue that the proposed infrastructures could negatively implicate the ‘peaceful purposes only’ obligation enshrined in the Antarctic Treaty. By affecting contentious areas of Antarctic geopolitics, such as authority, sovereignty and security, there is a significant risk that the project would make the Antarctic ‘the scene or object of international discord’. Even if the ice curtain idea were to be technically feasible and environmentally harmless, it would still create significant political and legal challenges for the current governance arrangements in the Antarctic.

  Last, Oxford University Press (OUP), Jan. 2025, International Affairs, 101(1) (1), 309 - 320, English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• Science advice for international governance – An evidence-based perspective on the role of SCAR in the Antarctic Treaty System

  Steven L. Chown, Kees Bastmeijer, Cassandra M. Brooks, Neil Gilbert, Laura M. Phillips, Akiho Shibata

  Last, Elsevier BV, Apr. 2024, Marine Policy, 163, 106143 - 106143, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• The policy-law-science nexus in the Antarctic

  Yelena Yermakova, Rebecca Hingley, Akiho Shibata

  Cambridge University Press (CUP), Dec. 2023, Antarctic Science, 1 - 4, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• International law, climate change and the Antarctic Treaty System: re-contemplating governance questions apropos of the mounting challenges

  Zia Madani, Akiho Shibata

  Abstract More than 60 years since it entered into force in 1961, the Antarctic Treaty is experiencing significant challenges. These challenges also affect its associated instruments known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). These are mostly external dynamics that are increasingly challenging the ATS from outside of the Antarctic region. They encompass a spectrum of issues relating to global legal regimes and to what extent they are applicable in the Antarctic context. Climate change appears to be the most significant of these challenges, as the tangible planetary impacts of global warming and the perception of its urgency and seriousness by states have prompted additional challenges to the ATS. The physical changes that continue to be scientifically unveiled in the Antarctic are manifesting severe impacts on a planetary scale, and this fact has underscored the need for broader and more rapid international engagement within the Antarctic governance discourse. Nevertheless, the existing decision-making mechanisms compounded by the adversarial atmosphere within the ATS due to external factors have become challenges of themselves. Such challenges call for the re-contemplation and reassessment of the legal regime of the Antarctic in general, and the ATS in particular, to find ways forward for an otherwise historically effective international legal system. This paper utilizes both scientific and legal lenses to underscore the urgent need to achieve better communication between the ATS generally, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings specifically and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change regimes and to overcome the multiple barriers that stand in the way of achieving that objective.

  Last, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Oct. 2023, Antarctic Science, 35(5) (5), 374 - 389, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• (In Japanese) Russia's Invasion of Ukraine and International Cooperation under the Antarctic Treaty

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, Sep. 2023, (in Japanese) Polar News, 59(2) (2), 5 - 10, Japanese, No password

  [Invited]

  Research institution

  添付ファイルのURL


• Regulating Antarctic Tourism: The Challenge of Consensus-Based Decision Making

  Kees Bastmeijer, Akiho Shibata, Imme Steinhage, Luis Valentin Ferrada, Evan T. Bloom

  Abstract In the 2022–2023 season, more than 104,000 tourists visited Antarctica. This represents an increase of more than 40 percent compared to the 2019–2020 pre-pandemic season. This Current Development discusses this trend and the limits of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, which govern on the basis of consensus, in responding with regulatory action. Options for strengthening regulation in this area are also considered.

  Cambridge University Press (CUP), Jun. 2023, American Journal of International Law, 117(4) (4), 651 - 676, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Can we still cooperate with Russia in the Arctic?

  Timo Koivurova, Akiho Shibata

  Abstract Russia’s war against Ukraine in February 2022 was the end of the Arctic cooperation between states and others as we knew it, despite the fact that Russia’s illegal actions are not occurring in the Arctic region. Russia’s attack on Ukraine caused pronounced security fears and responses, particularly from the European and North American countries, including the other Arctic states. This naturally affected Arctic cooperation because it is precisely in the Arctic region that Russia is such a vastly central actor. For example, the region’s pre-eminent inter-governmental forum, the Arctic Council, is struggling to continue its activities in full, as the seven western Arctic states paused participating in meetings held in and activities involving Russia. On the other hand, the first in-person meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) fisheries agreement in late November 2022 successfully adopted its COP Rules of Procedure by consensus, including Russia. The purpose of this article is to investigate how adversely Arctic international cooperation in inter-governmental forums and treaties has suffered due to the Ukraine war, utilising a qualitative research methodology to collect internal and sensitive information from key informants. In particular, the article aims to find an answer to the following question: In which types of Arctic inter-governmental structures have the states been able to continue the cooperation and for what reasons? The hypothesis that will be tested in this article is whether treaty-based cooperation has fared better than cooperation founded on soft law. This article will flesh out the current state of Arctic cooperative frameworks and actual cooperative activities under them, analysing three soft law-based cooperative frameworks, including the Arctic Council and several treaty-based cooperative frameworks, such as the CAO fisheries agreement and Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement. This article is based on the facts as of 22 February 2023.

  Cambridge University Press (CUP), Mar. 2023, Polar Record, 59(e12) (e12), No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• Implementing the 2017 Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement: Challenges and Opportunities as regards Russia and Japan

  Alexander Sergunin, Akiho Shibata

  This study sought to identify the major barriers to the implementation of the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation (2017) and to uncover ways of facilitating the Agreement that may enhance Russia–Japan scientific cooperation in the High North. The Russia–Japan case exemplifies the difficulties as well as the potentials of the Agreement in enhancing Arctic scientific cooperation between Arctic states and non-Arctic states. Ultimately, the study identified several possible ways to facilitate the Agreement’s implementation. This paper first examines these means within the Agreement’s legal framework; more specifically, it explores how to operationalize the effective review process established under Art.12, utilize the 2000 Japan-Russia bilateral Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement to implement Art.17 on ‘Cooperation with non-Parties’, identify Arctic research projects and infrastructure available under the Agreement, and designate appropriate authorities as contact points under Annex 2 of the Agreement. The paper then examines the potential of linking the Agreement’s implementation with other forums and institutions. In particular, it recognizes the Arctic Council as a platform for enhancing Arctic scientific cooperation and considers how cooperation within various Arctic professional organizations and associations may be revived and how to create synergy between the Agreement and Arctic Science Ministerial processes. This paper’s discussion is largely based on information and political contexts before February 24, 2022, but the concluding section provides a few policy suggestions specific to the implementation of the Agreement in light of the post-Ukraine situation.

  Brill, Feb. 2023, The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 14(1) (1), 45 - 75, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• Japanese Master’s Students Contributing to the Arctic Legal Studies through the 15th Polar Law Symposium

  Hiroto Kogo, Rena Takezoea, Taichi Inai, Akiho Shibata

  Dec. 2022, Current Developments in Arctic Law, 10, 87 - 90

  Research society


• Arctic science diplomacy maintains Russia co-operation

  Paul Arthur Berkman, Jenny Baeseman, Akiho Shibata

  Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Apr. 2022, Nature, 604(7907) (7907), 625 - 625, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  Research society

  添付ファイルのURL


• The global Antarctic through humanities and social sciences perspectives: observations from Japan

  Zia Madani, Akiho Shibata

  Informa UK Limited, Apr. 2022, The Polar Journal, 12, 1 - 3, English, No password

  International conference proceedings

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• 日本の南極地域観測事業は人文社会科学研究にも貢献できる！SCAR 研究大会からのメッセージ

  柴田明穂, 村越真, 中山由美, 生田依子

  Lead, Apr. 2022, 極地, 58(1) (1), 40 - 43

  Research society


• Ocean Acidification in the Arctic – Scientific and Governance Responses

  Jen Evans, Akiho Shibata

  Apr. 2022, ArCS II International Law Briefing Paper Series, (7) (7), 1 - 9, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  Research institution

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• In Japanese only

  メディ・デルヴォヴィッチ, 柴田明穂

  Jan. 2022, ArCS Ⅱ International Law Briefing Paper Series, (4) (4), 1 - 9, Japanese, No password

  Research institution

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• Chapter 22: Good faith

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, Jun. 2021, Rajamani and Jacqueline Peel eds., Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, 2nd Edition, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• Jurisdictional Schemes under Antarctic Treaty System

  SHIBATA Akiho

  Lead, Mar. 2021, Okayama Law Journal, 70(3-4) (3-4), 433 - 462, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• Antarctic Environmental Protection and Japan

  SHIBATA Akiho

  Lead, Nov. 2020, 浅田正彦他編『現代国際法の潮流 1』, 476 - 489, Japanese, No password

  [Invited]

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• Sustainability as an integrative principle: The role of international law in Arctic resource development

  Akiho Shibata, Romian Chuffart

  Lead, Nov. 2020, Polar Record, 56(Special Issue) (Special Issue), e37, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURLLink to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• Editorial: International law for sustainability in Arctic resource development

  Romain Chuffart, Akiho Shibata

  Corresponding, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Apr. 2020, Polar Record, 56(Special Issue) (Special Issue), 1 - 2, English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• 国際法による秩序づくり

  柴田 明穂

  Mar. 2020, 田畑伸一郎・後藤正憲編『北極の人間と社会：持続的発展の可能性』（北海道大学出版会書）, 231 - 260頁, Japanese, No password

  [Refereed]

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• 南極における環境と生態系を守るしくみ：過去・現在・未来

  柴田 明穂

  Lead, Jul. 2019, 極地, 55(2) (2), 2 - 8頁, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• The Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement: A Perspective from Non-Arctic Actors

  Akiho Shibata

  Routledge, Apr. 2019, Emerging Legal Orders in the Arctic, pp.207 - 225, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• An Ocean in the Making: Non-Arctic Actors and the Emerging Arctic Legal Orders

  Akiho Shibata, Leilei Zou, Nikolas Sellheim, Marzia Scopelliti

  Routledge, Apr. 2019, Emerging Legal Orders in the Arctic, 1 - 8, English

  In book


• 北極国際科学協力促進協定の意義

  柴田 明穂

  2018, 稲垣 治・柴田明穂編『北極国際法秩序の展望：科学・環境・海洋』東信堂, 225 - 253頁, Japanese

  In book


• An Agreement on Enhancing Arctic Scientific Cooperation: Only for the Eight Arctic States and Their Scientists?

  Akiho Shibata, Maiko Raita

  Lead, Apr. 2017, Yearbook of Polar Law, 8, 129 - 162, English, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• The Arctic as a Distinct Legal Sphere for Promoting International Scientific Cooperation

  柴田 明穂

  神戸大学大学院国際協力研究科, Jul. 2016, 国際協力論集, 24(1) (1), 45 - 56頁, Japanese

  Scientific journal

  Link to Kobe Univ. Repository (Kernel)


• Japan and 100 Years of Antarctic Legal Order: Any Lessons for the Arctic?

  Akiho Shibata

  Mar. 2016, Yearbook of Polar Law, Vol. 7, pp.3-54., No password

  [Refereed]

  添付ファイルのURL


• Conclusion: The judgment, its implications and prospects

  Akiho Shibata

  2016, M. Fitzmaurice and D. Tamada eds., Whaling in the Antarctic: Significance and Implications of the ICJ Judgment (Brill), pp.387 - 407., English, No password

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• ICRW as an evolving instrument: Potential broader implications of the Whaling judgment

  Akiho Shibata

  Jun. 2015, Japanese Yearbook of International Law, vol.58, pp. 298 - 318., English, No password

  [Refereed]

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• International and Domestic Laws in Collaboration: An Effective Means of Environmental Liability Regime-Making

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, Mar. 2015, "L'etre situé", Effectiveness and Purposes of International Law: Essays in Honour of Professor Ryuichi IDA (Brill), pp.193 - 213., English, No password

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• 南極環境責任附属書の国内実施—日本の課題と展望

  柴田 明穂

  Jan. 2015, 江藤淳一編『国際法学の諸相』信山社, 633 - 667頁, Japanese, No password

  In book

  添付ファイルのURL


• International Environmental Lawmaking in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century: The Form and Process

  Akiho Shibata

  Feb. 2012, Japanese Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 54, pp.28 - 61, English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• The court’s decision in silentium on the sources of international law: Its enduring significance

  Akiho Shibata

  Taylor and Francis, Jan. 2012, The ICJ and the Evolution of International Law: The Enduring Impact of the Corfu Channel Case, pp.201-210, 201 - 210, English

  In book


• 危険活動から生じる越境被害の際の配分に関する諸原則

  柴田 明穂

  May 2011, 村瀬信也・鶴岡公二他編『変革期の国際法委員会（山田中正大使傘寿記念）』信山社, 273-296頁, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 遺伝子組換え生物等に起因する生物多様性損害に関する名古屋・クアラルンプール補足議定書の意義と課題

  柴田 明穂

  バイオインダストリー協会, May 2011, バイオサイエンスとインダストリー, 69巻3号1-21頁(3) (3), 228 - 232, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 名古屋・クアラルンプール補足議定書の成立

  柴田 明穂

  Mar. 2011, Law and Technology, 第51号40-50頁, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 南極条約体制の基盤と展開

  柴田 明穂

  Oct. 2010, ジュリスト, 第1409号86-94頁, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• 採択目前！LMO起因生物多様性損害に関する責任補足議定書成立の意義と課題

  柴田 明穂

  民事法研究会, Oct. 2010, Law and Technology, 第49号27-39(49) (49), 27 - 39, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 南極バイオプロスペクティング活動の実態−日本の事例を中心に

  柴田 明穂

  Apr. 2010, 南極資料, 第54巻1号1-10頁, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• How to Design an International Liability Regime for Public Spaces: the Case of the Antarctic Environment

  Akiho Shibata

  2009, Public Interest Rules of International Law: Towards Effective Implementation (T. Komori & K. Wellens eds., Ashgate), pp.347-373, English

  Scientific journal


• 環境条約不遵守手続の帰結と条約法

  柴田 明穂

  国際法学会, Nov. 2008, 国際法外交雑誌, 第107巻3号1-21頁(3) (3), 331 - 351, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 主要文献目録・国際法2006年

  柴田 明穂, 黒神 直純

  国際法学会, 2007, 国際法外交雑誌, 第106巻2号96-120頁(4) (4), 778 - 783, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 「環境条約不遵守手続は紛争解決制度を害さず」の実際的意義ー有害廃棄物等の越境的移動を規制するバーゼル条約を素材にー

  柴田 明穂

  Dec. 2006, 島田征夫他編『国際紛争の多様化と法的処理』, 65-89頁, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• International Law-Making Activities in the Conference of the Parties (COP)

  柴田 明穂

  JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF WORLD LAW, Mar. 2006, Yearbook of World Law, 25号、43-67頁(25) (25), 43 - 67, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 主要文献目録・国際法2005年

  柴田 明穂, 黒神 直純

  国際法学会, 2006, 国際法外交雑誌, 第105巻2号133-159頁(2) (2), 277 - 303, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• Ensuring Compliance with the Basel Convention - its Unique Features

  AKIHO SHIBATA

  2006, Ensuring Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements(U. Beyerlin, P.T. Stoll & R. Wolfrum eds.), pp.69-87, English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• 国際法制度におけるNGOの機能と現実

  柴田 明穂

  Oct. 2005, ジュリスト, 1229号、9-15頁, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 南極条約事務局設置の法的意義

  Akiho Shibata

  岡山大学法学会, Mar. 2004, 岡山大学法学会雑誌, 第53巻3-4合併号119-182頁(3) (3), 533 - 596, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• バーゼル条約遵守メカニズムの設立‐交渉経緯と条文解説‐

  Akiho Shibata

  岡山大学法学会, Mar. 2003, 岡山大学法学会雑誌, 第52巻4号47-103頁(4) (4), 851 - 907, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• The Basel compliance mechanism

  Akiho Shibata

  The provisions of the Basel compliance mechanism, especially those on the trigger measures that may be taken by the committee and safeguards, are the results of compromises among the parties, leaving the mechanism with quite a wide margin of interpretation. It is the responsibility of the committee and, ultimately, of the COP which oversees its work, that the mechanism is administered according to the common understanding of the parties who established it. By abiding by this common understanding, the committee will be able to garner the trust of the parties and to receive important compliance difficulties for resolution.

  Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003, Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 12(2) (2), 183 - 198, English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• "Japan: moderate commitment within legal strictures"

  Akiho Shibata

  2002, in C. Ku and H.K. Jacobson eds. Democratic Accountability and the Use of Force in International Law Cambridge UP, pp. 207-230, English

  Scientific journal


• 南極鉱物資源条約形成過程における正当性

  Akiho Shibata

  Nov. 2001, 岡山大学創立50周年記念論文集『世紀転換期の法と政治』, 291-344頁, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• "Creating an International Urgent Assistance Mechanism in Case of Natural and Industrial Catastrophes"

  Akiho Shibata

  2001, in D.D. Caron and C. Leben eds. The International Aspects of Natural and Industrial Catastrophes Matinus Nihoff Pub, pp. 457-535, English

  Scientific journal


• 国際法形成フォーラムとしての南極条約協議国会議の『正当性』

  Akiho Shibata

  国際法学会, Apr. 2000, 国際法外交雑誌, 第99巻1号1-31頁(1) (1), 1 - 31, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• 一九七〇年代における南極条約協議国会議の性格

  Akiho Shibata

  岡山大学, Mar. 2000, 岡山大学法学会雑誌, 第49巻3・4合併号445-464頁(3) (3), 981 - 1000, Japanese, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• 判例解説:『核実験事件』『ノルウェー漁業事件』

  Akiho Shibata

  Jan. 2000, 田畑茂二郎、竹本正幸、松井芳郎編『判例国際法』, 17-24、148-152頁, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• "Participation japonaise aux operations de maintien de la paix de l'ONU"

  Akiho Shibata

  Feb. 1999, Perspectives asiatiques, Nos.6-7 pp.116-127, English

  Scientific journal


• 国際法における公正‐フランク国際法学の主眼と課題‐

  Akiho Shibata

  岡山大学, Mar. 1998, 岡山大学法学会雑誌, 第47巻4号77-133頁(4) (4), 349 - 405, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 自然及び産業災害時の国際緊急救援制度の成立

  Akiho Shibata

  岡山大学, Mar. 1997, 岡山大学法学会雑誌, 第46巻3・4合併号347-424頁(3) (3), 963 - 1040, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• 『一貫した反対国』の法理再考‐国際法形成過程研究序説‐

  Akiho Shibata

  岡山大学, Jan. 1997, 岡山大学法学会雑誌, 第46巻2号111-183頁(2) (2), 355 - 427, Japanese

  Scientific journal


• "Japanese Peacekeeping Legislation and Recent Developments in U.N. Operations"

  Akiho Shibata

  Jul. 1994, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol.19(No. 2) (No. 2), pp. 307 - 348., English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL


• "International Law-Making Process in the United Nations: Comparative Analysis of UNCED and UNCLOS III"

  Akiho Shibata

  Nov. 1993, California Western International Law Journal, Vol.24 No.1 pp. 17-53, English, No password

  Scientific journal

  添付ファイルのURL

• Video Recording: Seminar on Governing Glacial Geoengineeing in the South Pole

  YouTube

  Lead, Mar. 2024, Akiho Shibata; Kobe PCRC, English, 20240401_20240304-seminar-youtube.pdf, No password

  添付ファイルのURL


• Press Release: How to protect submarine cables in the Arctic: Fact Sheet from ArCS II International Law Program explains

  Akiho Shibata, Kobe PCRC

  Lead, Mar. 2024, ArCS II International Law Research Program;Press Release, English

  Others


• Press Release: Fact Sheet on Türkiye’s engagement in the Arctic governance: its history and into the future

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, Jan. 2024, ArCS II International Law Research Program Press Release (online), English

  Others


• (in Japanese) Turkiye's Engagement in the Arctic Governance

  Nasıh Sarp ERGÜVEN, Akiho Shibata

  Last, Jan. 2024, (In Japanese) ArCS II International Law Brefiting Paper Series, 9, 1 - 9, Japanese, 0100486183.pdf, No password

  [Invited]

  Technical report

  添付ファイルのURL


• (In Japanese) Video Recording: Emperor Penguins and Antarctic Governance

  Akiho Shibata, Kobe PCRC

  Lead, Dec. 2023, YouTube Video https://www.research.kobe-u.ac.jp/gsics-pcrc/antarctic_symposium2023/, Japanese


• Video Recording: International Workshop on Antarctic Environmental Liability and Lawyers' Role in Consensus-building

  Akiho Shibata, Kobe P

  Lead, Dec. 2023, YouTube: https://www.research.kobe-u.ac.jp/gsics-pcrc/pdf/2023/Program_AntarcticWorkshop20231201.pdf, English, Program_AntarcticWorkshop20231201.pdf, No password

  添付ファイルのURL


• (In Japanese) Frontier Sciences and International Law - Polar Research to "Know the Earth"

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, Jun. 2023, Kobe University and SDGs, Japanese

  Introduction commerce magazine


• (In Japanese) Ocean in the Antarctic and Future of international Governance

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, 20 Apr. 2023, Ocean Newsletter, (545) (545), 1 - 2, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Introduction commerce magazine


• (In Japanese) Invasion of Ukraine and the Future of Arctic International Cooperation

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, 23 Mar. 2023, Kobe University Press Release

  Introduction commerce magazine


• Video recordings of Evan T. Bloom, United States Policy in the Arctic and Antarctic and the Future of International Governance in the Polar Regions.

  Akiho Shibata

  Mar. 2023, The 23rd PCRC International Law Seminar, Kobe, Japan., XX, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Video recordings of Eyjólfur Guðmundsson, Timo Koivurova, Akiho Shibata, Comments on United States Policy in the Arctic and Antarctic and the Future of International Governance in the Polar Regions.

  Akiho Shibata ed

  Mar. 2023, The 23rd PCRC International Law Seminar, Kobe, Japan. https://www.youtube.com/embed/UhxORKPBySo, XX, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• 動画：北極圏に暮らす人々と気候変動 〜北極圏の先住民族の暮らしと動物、自然〜

  柴田明穂

  Feb. 2023, ArCS II分野横断公開講演会, オンライン., XX, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Video recordings of Suzanne Lalonde, The Increasingly Entangled Arctic Continental Shelf Process.

  Akiho Shibata

  Feb. 2023, International Workshop “Arctic Ocean Governance and the Law of the Sea”, Online., XX, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Video recordings of Donald Rothwell, Antarctic Treaty System in the 2020s: Old, New and Unexpected Challenges at +60.

  Akiho Shibata

  Dec. 2022, Kobe PCRC Antarctic Open Symposium Series 2022 The Future of Antarctic Cooperation and Global Geopolitical Challenges, Kobe, Japan. https://www.youtube.com/embed/qTWz-NO-Cto, XX, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Video recordings of Joji Morishita, CCAMLR, Where Is It Going?.

  Akiho Shibata

  Dec. 2022, Kobe PCRC Antarctic Open Symposium Series 2022 The Future of Antarctic Cooperation and Global Geopolitical Challenges, Kobe, Japan. https://www.youtube.com/embed/kDeQxyy-Ux0, xx, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Video recordings of Perspectives, Takuji Nakamura, Patrizia Vigni, Zia Madani

  Akiho Shibata

  Dec. 2022, Kobe PCRC Antarctic Open Symposium Series 2022, The Future of Antarctic Cooperation and Global Geopolitical Challenges, Kobe, Japan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCLe22jX270, xx, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• 動画：竹若敬三, 日本の北極科学外交.

  柴田明穂

  Nov. 2022, 日本の北極科学外交の課題とは？, 北極域と科学外交の未来づくり公開セミナー, 神戸大学. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBkQ1yi4occ, xx, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• 動画：榎本浩之, 日本の北極科学外交と科学研究活動の変遷.

  柴田明穂

  Nov. 2022, 日本の北極科学外交の課題とは？北極域と科学外交の未来づくり公開セミナー, 神戸大学. https://www.youtube.com/embed/WgqFRRd12CU, XX, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Video recordings of Arctic Science Diplomacy in light of the Ukraine war.

  Akiho Shibata

  Nov. 2022, The Future of Science Diplomacy in the Arctic: Open Seminar, Kobe, Japan. https://www.youtube.com/embed/sUb37IFf5rw, xx, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• 動画： 日本の科学外交の課題とは？,

  柴田明穂

  Nov. 2022, 北極域と科学外交の未来づくり公開セミナー, 神戸大学. https://www.youtube.com/embed/KkNyXTlHyGc, xx, 00 - 00

  Meeting report


• Arctic marine plastic problems

  阿部 紀恵, セイタ・ロンパネン, 豊島 淳子, 柴田 明穂

  Corresponding, Mar. 2021, ArCS II/Int’l Law/BPS/02/J/FS (2021/3), (2) (2), 1 - 9, Japanese


• Arctic marine plastic problems: Potential collaborative research between international law and marine sciences

  Kie Abe, Seita Romppanen, Junko Toyoshima, Akiho Shibata

  Corresponding, Feb. 2021, ArCS II International Law Briefing Paper Series, No.1 (E) (February 2021) Fact Sheet, (1) (1), 1 - 9, English, LT_Fact Sheet_Feb 2021_Arctic Marine Plastic Problems.pdf, No password

  Introduction other

  添付ファイルのURL


• コラム「極域の環境保護」

  柴田明穂

  Lead, Apr. 2020, 国際環境法講義, 211 - 212頁

  Introduction scientific journal


• 「法の支配」の確保と国際協力の推進（第4章）

  柴田明穂

  Lead, Feb. 2020, これからの日本の北極政策の展望, 14 - 16頁

  Meeting report


• 辞典項目「南極」

  柴田明穂

  Lead, Jan. 2020, 地政学事典（丸善出版）, 645 - 646頁

  Introduction other


• 日本における北極国際法政策研究の推進—神戸PCRCについて

  柴田 明穂, 幡谷 咲子, 本田 悠介

  2019, 『Arctic Circle』（北海道立北方民族博物館季刊誌）, (110号) (110号), 4 - 9, Japanese

  Introduction other


• 判例解説：155.みなみまぐろ事件

  柴田 明穂

  2019, 松井芳朗他編著『判例国際法（第3版）』（東信堂）, 646 - 650頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 判例解説：43.ノルウェー漁業事件

  柴田 明穂

  2019, 松井芳朗他編著『判例国際法（第3版）』（東信堂）, 174 - 178頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 判例解説：5. 核実験事件

  柴田 明穂

  2019, 松井芳朗他編著『判例国際法（第3版）』（東信堂）, 22 - 24頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• Environmental protection in the Arctic and Antarctic

  Akiho Shibata

  Lead, Apr. 2018, 環境・経済辞典（丸善出版）, 550 - 551頁

  [Invited]

  Introduction other


• 注目され始めた北極科学協力協定〜日本のロシア海域科学調査への示唆〜

  柴田 明穂

  2018, Ocean Newsletter, (421号) (421号), Japanese

  Introduction other


• 国際法学者、初めて南極に立つ！

  柴田 明穂

  2018, 凌霜, (418号) (418号), 24 - 26, Japanese

  Introduction other


• 国際法にはロマンがある 現場主義の国際法学者、南極へ

  柴田 明穂

  Dec. 2017, 神戸大学広報誌「風」, (第10号) (第10号), Japanese

  Others


• 南極は国際法でみんなが協力

  柴田 明穂

  Mar. 2017, 朝日小学生新聞(2017年3月7日)1面, Japanese

  Introduction commerce magazine


• 国際法学者、初めて南極に立つ！

  柴田 明穂

  2017, 極地, (105号) (105号), 72 - 80, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 南極観測隊に初の法学者 その目的は・・・

  柴田 明穂

  Nov. 2016, 神戸新聞Next インターネット版(2016年11月24日), Japanese

  Introduction commerce magazine


• 書評：Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, International Law for Humankind: Towards a New Jus Gentium, The Hague Academy of International Law Monographs, Vol.8 (Second Revised Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013, 726p.+xxv)

  柴田 明穂

  2014, 国際法外交雑誌, 113(3) (3), 195 - 198頁, Japanese

  Book review


• 判例解説： 主権の機能 「ウィンブルドン号事件」

  柴田 明穂

  Nov. 2011, 国際法判例百選（第２版）（小寺・森川・西村編集） （有斐閣）, 40-41頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 判例解説： 北海大陸棚事件(ICJ)

  柴田 明穂

  Mar. 2010, 国際法基本判例50（杉原・酒井編、三省堂）, 6-9頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 世界が求める国際法のプロになるために

  柴田 明穂

  都市出版, Jul. 2008, 外交フォーラム, 第240号(2008年7月号)78-81頁(7) (7), 78 - 81, Japanese

  Others


• 北極と南極をめぐる領有権問題

  柴田 明穂

  Jan. 2008, 『中学校社会科のしおり』 （帝国書院）, 28-30頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 2006年主要文献目録 国際法, 国際私法, 国際政治・外交史

  柴田 明穂, 黒神 直純, 佐藤 文彦

  国際法学会, Aug. 2007, 国際法外交雑誌, 106(2) (2), 220 - 271, Japanese


• Strategic Significance of Japanese Antarctic Research Activities

  柴田 明穂

  Jun. 2006, 文部科学時報, 1564号、38-39頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 核実験事件

  柴田 明穂

  May 2006, 松井芳郎他編『判例国際法（第２版）』, 20-24頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• みなみまぐろ事件

  柴田 明穂

  May 2006, 松井芳郎他編『判例国際法（第２版）』, 585-589頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• ノルウェー漁業事件

  柴田 明穂

  May 2006, 松井芳郎他編『判例国際法（第２版）』, 156-160頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 紹介：池島大策著『南極条約体制と国際法』（慶應義塾大学出版会，2000年）

  柴田 明穂

  2003, 国際法外交雑誌, 102(3) (3), 195 - 198, Japanese

  Book review


• 判例評釈:地域的慣習『インド領通行権事件』

  Akiho Shibata

  Apr. 2001, 山本草二、古川照美、松井芳郎編『国際法判例百選』, 8-9頁, Japanese


• 解説：「一方的行為」「慣習法の成立要件」

  柴田 明穂

  Aug. 1998, 『プラクティス国際法』（香西茂、竹本正幸、坂本茂樹 編集）（東信堂）, 6-8頁、9-11頁, Japanese

  Introduction scientific journal


• 資料：国連の主要活動の展開―機構の変化と主要決議を中心に―

  柴田 明穂, 繁田 泰宏

  国際法学会, Feb. 1996, 国際法外交雑誌, 第94巻5・6合併号860-914頁(5) (5), 914 - 860, Japanese

  Others

• The Yearbook of Polar Law Vol.15

  Gudmundur Alfredsson, Timo Koivurova, Akiho Shibata

  Joint editor, Brill, Dec. 2024, ISBN: 9789004541450


• The Yearbook of Polar Law, Vol.14

  Gudmundur Alfredsson, Julia Jabour, Timo Koivurova, Akiho Shibata

  Joint editor, Brill Nijhoff, Feb. 2023, ISBN: 9789004512962


• (in Japanese only)

  in Japanese

  Contributor, (in Japanese only), Yushindo-Koubunsha, May 2022, ISBN: 9784842040660


• The Yearbook of Polar Law, Vol.13

  Gudmundur Alfredsson, Timo Koivurova, Julia Jabour, Akiho Shibata

  Joint work, Brill Nijhoff, Apr. 2022, English, ISBN: 9789004509450


• (in Japanese only)

  in Japanese

  Joint work, (in Japanese only), Toshindo, Mar. 2022, Japanese, ISBN: 9784798917689


• Basic Documents of International Law 2021

  ASADA Masahiko, KIRIYAMA Takanobu, OBATA Kaoru, SHIBATA Akiho, et al., eds

  Joint editor, Chapter 1 (International Organizations), Chapter 7 (Internationalized areas), Chapter 8 (Environment), TOSHINDO, Apr. 2021


• International Law for Sustainability in Arctic Resource Development. Special Issue (collection) in Polar Record, vol.56

  Romain Chuffart, Akiho Shibata

  Joint editor, Overall editor, Cambridge University Press, Dec. 2020


• ベーシック条約集<2020年版>

  浅田正彦編

  Joint work, 第１章「国際機構」 第７章「国際化地域」 第８章「環境」, 東信堂, Apr. 2020


• Emerging legal orders in the Arctic : the role of non-Arctic actors

  Akiho Shibata, Zou, Leilei, Sellheim, Nikolas, Scopelliti, Marzia

  Joint editor, Routledge, May 2019, English, ISBN: 9781138618510


• ベーシック条約集 〈2019年度版〉

  薬師寺 公, 坂元 茂樹, 浅田 正彦, 桐山 孝信, 小畑 郁, 柴田 明穂

  Joint editor, 東信堂, Apr. 2019, Japanese, ISBN: 4887136560


• 国際法 = International law〈第４版〉

  浅田 正彦 編

  Contributor, 第2章「法源・慣習法」33-51頁、第9章「国際化地域・空域・宇宙空間」209-227頁, 東信堂, Apr. 2019, Japanese, ISBN: 9784798915456


• 北極国際法秩序の展望 : 科学・環境・海洋

  稲垣, 治, 柴田, 明穂

  Joint editor, 東信堂, Oct. 2018, Japanese, ISBN: 9784798915081


• ベーシック条約集 〈2018年度版〉

  薬師寺公夫, 坂元茂樹, 浅田正彦, 桐山孝信, 小畑郁, 柴田明穂

  Joint editor, 東信堂, Apr. 2018, Japanese, ISBN: 4887136560


• 国際法 = International law〈第３版〉

  浅田正彦 編

  Contributor, 第2章「法源・慣習法」33-51頁、第9章「国際化地域・空域・宇宙空間」203-220頁, 東信堂, Sep. 2016, Japanese, ISBN: 9784798913353


• "L'être situé", effectiveness and purposes of international law : essays in honour of Professor Ryuichi Ida

  Shotaro Hamamoto, Hironobu Sakai, Akiho Shibata eds.

  Joint editor, Brill Nijhoff, 2015, ISBN: 9789004268883


• International liability regime for biodiversity damage : the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur supplementary protocol

  Akiho Shibata

  Editor, Routledge, 2014, English, ISBN: 9780415722421


• United Nations Peace-keeping Operations: A Guide to Japanese Policies

  Akiho Shibata

  Joint work, United Nations University Press, 1999, English

  Others

• The law, politics and science in the Consultative Party acknowledgment process: A worrisome precedent at Kochi

  Akiho Shibata

  11th SCAR OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENE, Pucón, Chile., Aug. 2024, English

  Public symposium


• Japan’s Arctic Policy: A decade of implementation and its future improvements

  Osamu Inagaki, Timo Koivurova, Romain Chuffar, Akiho Shibata

  17th Polar Law symposium, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden, Sep. 2024, English

  Public symposium


• A reality? Giant underwater curtains in the Antarctic and Legal issues potentially raised during its early phase

  Akiho Shibata

  11th SCAR OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENE, Pucón, Chile., Aug. 2024, English

  Public symposium


• An introduction: Institutional framework to implement Antarctic governance based on best available science

  Akiho Shibata

  11th SCAR OPEN SCIENCE CONFERENE, Pucón, Chile., Aug. 2024, English

  Public symposium


• 南極巨大海底カーテン（ジオエンジニアリング）構想のガバナンス的課題

  柴田明穂

  第21回研南極国際動向研究会, Jul. 2024, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Public discourse


• 第46回南極条約協議国会議（インド・コチ、5月20日〜30日）概要報告〜世界秩序変容の中の南極条約体制レジリエンス研究〜

  柴田明穂

  第20回南極国際動向研究会, Jun. 2024, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Public discourse


• Antarcitc governance in global setting. Our responsibilities and commitment for future Antarctica: Antarctica in global setting, environmental liability, tourism, and safety

  Akiho Shibata

  2024 ATCM Seminar: Changing Antarctic and Challenges Ahead, May 2024, English

  [Invited]

  Invited oral presentation


• Comment to Dr. Flamm's presentation: Legal issues potentially raised during the early phases of Antarctic glacial geoengineering

  Akiho Shibata

  27th PCRC International Law Seminar, Kobe University., Mar. 2024, English

  [Invited]


• (In Japanese) International Lawyer in the Antarctic: How to Protect the Peace and Environment?

  Akiho Shibata

  Public Lecture, Yata Junior High School, Kobe, Jan. 2024, Japanese

  [Invited]


• (In Japanese) Antarctic Science and Governance: Inextricable

  Akiho Shibata

  (In Japanese) International Symposium on "Emperor Penguins and Antarctic Governance", Kobe University, Dec. 2023, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• Japan: Antarctic Environmental Liability and Lawyers' Role in Consensus-building

  Akiho Shibata

  International Workshop on the Future of Antarctic Governance, Kobe, Japan, Dec. 2023, English

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• Setting the Stage: Antarctic Environmental Liability and Lawyers' Role in Consensus-building

  Akiho Shibata, Ville Kari

  International Workshop on the Future of Antarctic Governance, Kobe, Japan, Dec. 2023, English

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• The Arctic Council and Arctic Cooperation in Light of the Continuing Ukraine War

  Timo Koivurova, Osamu Inagaki, Akiho Shibata

  16th Polar Law Symposium, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, Oct. 2023, English

  Oral presentation


• Political and Legal Dimensions of (Potential) Glacial Geoengineering in the Polar Regions

  Patrick Flamm, Akiho Shibata

  16th Polar Law Symposium, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, Oct. 2023, English

  Oral presentation


• Legal and Academic Efforts for the Effective Implementation of the CAO Fisheries Agreement

  Akiho Shibata

  Arctic Circle Assembly 2023, Reykjavik, Iceland, Oct. 2023, English

  Oral presentation


• Arctic Science Diplomacy from Legal Perspective

  Akiho Shibata

  The Future of Arctic Governance: Navigating Global and Local Sea Changes, 2023 North Pacific Arctic Conference, East and West Center and Korea Maritime Institute, Hawaii, USA, Aug. 2023, English

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• “Weaponization of science”? The Case of new ASPA proposal in East Antarctica at Helsinki ATCM. Reinvigorating the science-based decision making in the Antarctic Treaty System: MPAs, Emperor Penguins, Climate Change (and other issues from Helsinki ATCM)

  Akiho Shibata

  2023 SCAR SC-HASS Biennial Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, Jun. 2023, English

  Oral presentation


• (In Japanese) 45 ATCM Personal Report: Clouds covering the Antarctic governance

  Akiho Shibata

  16th Antarctic Study Group, Online, Jun. 2023, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Oral presentation


• Academic panel on challenges the Treaty System has faced in the past 25 years.

  Kees Bastmeijer, Akiho Shibata, Evan Bloom

  Antarctica today – shared challenges for science and environmental protection in the final frontier, Antarctica Treaty Consultative Meeting(ATCM), Helsinki, Finland, May 2023, English

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• Asian cooperation in strengthening the Antarctic governance: towards 2026 ATCM in Japan

  Akiho Shibata

  International Symposium on Polar Ocean Global Change 2023, Qingdao, China, May 2023, English

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• (In Japanese) International Law Research relating to the Arctic

  Akiho Shibata

  JCAR北極域研究計画ワークショップ, May 2023

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• Taking into account of Indigenous Knowledge under the CAO Fisheries Agreement: Lessons from 2022 ICC Protocols for Equitable and Ethical Engagement.

  Akiho Shibata

  Seventh International Symosium on Arctic Research, Tokyo, Japan., Mar. 2023

  Oral presentation


• The Role of Science in the Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement.

  Akiho Shibata

  Arctic Circle Japan Forum, Tokyo, Japan (Session: Arctic Science-Legal Diplomacies: Experiences from Recent Agreements), Mar. 2023

  Oral presentation


• The Central Arctic Ocean Agreement: Science, Indigenous Knowledge and the Rule of Law

  Akiho Shibata

  Arctic Circle Japan Forum, Tokyo, Japan (Session: Knowledge-Based Cooperation and Trust-Building in the Arctic: The Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement (CAOFA)), Mar. 2023

  [Invited]

  Oral presentation


• 北極科学協力協定：科学者と法学者の協働作業. 観測・研究活動を守るための国際交渉とは？

  柴田明穂

  北極域と科学外交の未来づくり 極域科学と国際交渉入門, 神戸大学., Nov. 2022

  [Invited]

  Public discourse


• Looking towards 2026 ATCM (in Kobe?): Some homework to do.

  Akiho Shibata

  Kobe PCRC Antarctic Open Symposium Series 2022 The Future of Antarctic Cooperation and Global Geopolitical Challenges, Kobe, Japan., Dec. 2022

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• Japan’s contribution to the Central Arctic Ocean Agreement: Science, Indigenous knowledge, and Rule of law.

  Akiho Shibata, Dalee Sambo Dorough, Kenji Taki, Shigeto Nishino, Kentaro Nishimoto

  2022 Arctic Circle Assembly, Reykjavik, Iceland., Oct. 2022

  [Invited]

  Public symposium


• Potential legal means to regulate underwater noise in the Arctic.

  Hiroto Kogo, Akiho Shibata

  The 15th Polar Law Symposium, Reykjavik, Iceland., Oct. 2022

  [Invited]

  Public symposium


• Interim Conservation and Management Measures under CAO Fisheries Agreement: Its origin, concept, and functions.

  Taichi Inai, Rena Takezoe, Yoshiki Yamakawa, Akiho Shibata

  The 15th Polar Law Symposium, Reykjavik, Iceland., Oct. 2022

  [Invited]

  Nominated symposium


• Invasion of Ukraine and the Antarctic Treaty System: Legal challenges for its continuing resilience.

  Zia Madani, Akiho Shibata

  The 15th Polar Law Symposium, Reykjavik, Iceland., Oct. 2022

  [Invited]

  Public symposium


• Aggression and the Antarctic Treaty System: The End of Antarctic Exceptionalism?.

  Akiho Shibata

  The 10th SCAR Open Science Conference 2022, Online., Aug. 2022

  [Invited]

  Public symposium


• 南極条約体制全般-国際法の観点から.

  柴田明穂

  第11回南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会, オンライン., Apr. 2022

  [Invited]

  Public discourse


• (In Japanese only)

  Akiho Shibata

  (in Japanese only), Apr. 2022, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Invited oral presentation


• Complementarity of ASM, Arctic Science Agreement and bilateral science and technology cooperation agreements

  Akiho Shibata

  The 14th Polar Law Symposium 2021, Nov. 2021, English

  Public symposium


• Introduction: JARE and Humanities and Social Sciences

  Akiho Shibata

  SCAR Standing Committee on Humanities and Social Sciences 2021 Biennial Conference, Nov. 2021, English

  [Invited]

  Public symposium


• Reconsideration of the significance of the Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement: From the 2nd Implementation Meeting

  Akiho Shibata

  Study Group of International Law Research Program, ArCS II, 2nd meeting, Jun. 2021, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Oral presentation


• Antarctic Treaty at 60: Its significance and future challenges

  Akiho Shibata

  Pubic Online Lecture "Antarctic Treaty at 60 and Japan, towards the Future", Jun. 2021, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Public discourse


• Connecting policy, law and science for better decision-making for the Arctic: Arctic Council, IPCC, Arctic Science Agreement, and ASM-3

  Kie Abe, Akiho Shibata, Hiroyuki Enomoto

  Arctic Science Summit Week 2021. Online., Mar. 2021, English

  Poster presentation


• 2019年ロシア提出作業文書『変化する世界の中の南極条約』の分析

  柴田 明穂, 木村 ひとみ, 鹿兒島 祐介

  第９回南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会, Oct. 2020, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• 北極海航路を取り巻く国際法

  柴田 明穂, 西本 健太郎

  第10回北極海航路に係る産学官連携協議会, Aug. 2020, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• 北極における『法の支配』のゆくえ

  ArCSテーマ7総括シンポジウム「北極の人間と社会」, Feb. 2020, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• Legal Implications of Chinese Kunlun Station at Dome A and its ASMA proposals

  Hataya Sakiko, Shibata Akiho

  12th Poloar Law Symposium（国際学会）, Dec. 2019, English

  Oral presentation


• Antarctic Treaty System Resilience

  Shibata Akiho, Jabour Julia, Bastmeijer Kees, Madani Zia, etc

  12th Poloar Law Symposium（国際学会）, Dec. 2019, English

  Oral presentation


• 北極を紛争の海にしないために

  柴田 明穂

  国際法学会公開市民講座「海と国際法」, Oct. 2019, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Invited oral presentation


• 南極bioprospectingをめぐるATCMの議論：今後の対応への示唆

  柴田 明穂

  第5回南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会, Sep. 2019, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• 2018年Nature誌南極特集号のショック

  柴田 明穂

  南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会・公開スピンオフ札幌会合, Aug. 2019, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• The Antarctic Treaty System: Its Achievements and Future Challenges

  Akiho Shibata

  8th Malaysian International Seminar on Antarctica (MISA-8)（国際学会）, Jun. 2019, English

  [Invited]

  Invited oral presentation


• 協議国資格承認基準の今後の運用/2025 ATCM（開催予定地：日本）のアジェンダを予想する

  柴田 明穂

  第4回南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会, Jun. 2019, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• The Resilience of the Antarctic Treaty System

  Julia Jabour, Akiho Shibata

  SCAR-SCHASS biannual meeting（国際学会）, Apr. 2019, English

  Oral presentation


• Japan, Asia and the Antarctic Treaty System: Its Resilience Study

  Akiho Shibata

  First Chilean Antarctic Law Seminar, Mar. 2019, English

  Oral presentation


• 南極基地をめぐる国際法政策的インプリケーション：特に中国の動向を中心に

  柴田 明穂

  第１回南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会, Mar. 2019, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• 北極を紛争の海にしないために

  柴田 明穂

  第143回海上交通システム研究会, 2019, Japanese

  [Invited]

  Invited oral presentation


• Why “The Resilience of the Antarctic Treaty System” today?: Aim of the project.

  Akiho Shibata

  International Workshop on The Resilience of the Antarctic Treaty System to Future Challenges, Dec. 2018, English

  Public symposium


• Sustainability as integration principle: A theoretical framework.

  Akiho Shibata

  4th PCRC International Symposium on International Law for Sustainability in Arctic Resource development, Dec. 2018, English

  Public symposium


• なぜ、今、南極か？

  柴田 明穂

  第１回南極をめぐる科学と国際動向を考える研究会, Oct. 2018, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• Sustainability as integration principle: A theoretical framework.

  Akiho Shibata

  11th Polar Law Symposium, Oct. 2018, English

  Public symposium


• Policy-Relevant-Science (PRS) Study: Its current stage.

  Akiho Shibata, Hitomi Kimura, Naomi Harada

  International Workshop on the Policy Relevant Science Study: Policy Relevancy of the Arctic Marine Research Activities, Aug. 2018, English

  Public symposium


• The Resilience of the Antarctic Treaty System beyond 2048.

  Akiho Shibata

  POLAR 2018, Jun. 2018, English

  Oral presentation


• The policy relevancy of Arctic marine scientific research: A PRS case study.

  Akiho Shibata, Hitomi Kimura, Naomi Harada

  POLAR 2018, Jun. 2018, English

  Oral presentation


• The implication of Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement for Asian countries.

  Akiho Shibata

  The 5th Seminar of the North Pacific Arctic Research Community, Jun. 2018, English

  Public discourse


• 北極科学活動を政策的に意義づけるための方法論の構築

  柴田 明穂, 木村 元

  北極域研究推進プロジェクト（ArCS）平成30年度プロジェクト全体会合, May 2018, Japanese

  Others


• 北極域における政策的に意義ある科学(Policy – Relevant –Science = PRS) 研究

  柴田 明穂, 原田 尚美

  第１回JCAR北極域研究計画ワークショップ, Apr. 2018, Japanese

  Public symposium


• 北極域をめぐる政策（立案者）と研究（者）の対話のあり方

  柴田 明穂

  第１回政府と北極研究者との懇談会, Feb. 2018, Japanese

  Others


• 北極域に係る国際法制度の現状と課題・展望

  柴田 明穂

  第４回北極域オープンセミナー, Dec. 2017, Japanese

  Public discourse


• How to make Arctic marine observation “relevant” to the international arctic policy?

  Akiho Shibata

  3rd International Symposium on the Role of Non-Arctic States/Actors in the Arctic Legal Order-making, Dec. 2017, English

  Public symposium


• The significance of the Policy-Relevant-Science (PRS) Study within the Context of the Arctic

  Akiho Shibata

  The 10th Polar Law Symposium 2017, Nov. 2017, English

  Public symposium


• After “The Lawyer in the Antarctic”: A few pointers for potential collaboration between scientists and lawyers in Antarctic studies

  Akiho Shibata

  SCAR Expert Group on Humanities and Social Sciences Biennial conference, Jul. 2017, English

  Oral presentation


• The Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation: The Dawn of a New Era for Arctic Council Law-Making.

  Akiho Shibata

  International Seminar on 20 Years Arctic Council: The State and Future of International Law and Security in the Arctic, Oct. 2016, English

  Public discourse


• Legal Framework for Arctic Scientific Cooperation: Bilateralism, ‘AC-ism’ and Universalism.

  Akiho Shibata

  9th Polar Law Symposium, Oct. 2016, English

  Public symposium


• An International Lawyer in JARE: The role of social sciences in Antarctic field research.

  Akiho Shibata

  SCAR Open Science Conference, Aug. 2016, English

  Oral presentation


• Marine Scientific Research in the Arctic under the New Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation: Fragmentation or Integration?

  Akiho Shibata

  2nd international symposium organized by the PCRC: The Future Design of the Arctic Ocean Legal Order, Jul. 2016, English

  Public symposium


• 南極海捕鯨事件がもたらしたものその一年 −IWC決議と日本のNEWREP-A提案を中心に-

  柴田 明穂

  世界法学会2015年度研究大会, May 2015, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• The Arctic Scientific Cooperation Agreement

  柴田 明穂

  神戸大学国際ワークショップ北極をめぐる法政策的課題, Apr. 2015, Japanese

  Public symposium


• Antarctic Horizon, JARE and International Law

  Akiho Shibata

  SCAR Humanities and Social Sicences Expert Group Academic Workshop, Mar. 2015, English

  Public symposium


• A New Dimension in International Environmental Liability Regimes.

  Akiho Shibata

  Arthur Watts International Law Seminar, Mar. 2015, English

  Public discourse


• One Year after: What the Whaling Judgment Left us With

  Akiho Shibata

  Panel Discussion: Japan Resumes its Scientific Whaling, Mar. 2015, English

  Public symposium


• ICRW as an Evolving Instrument: Potential Broader Implications of the Whaling judgment.

  Akiho Shibata

  国際法学会2014年度（第117次）研究大会, Sep. 2014, English

  Oral presentation


• Principle of Good Faith

  Akiho Shibata

  ILA Legal Principles relating to Climate Change Intersessional meeting, Jan. 2014, English

  Oral presentation


• International Liailibility Regime for Biodiversity Damage

  Akiho Shibata

  Grande public, Mar. 2013, English

  Oral presentation


• Climate Change and International Legal Principles

  Akiho Shibata

  台湾国際法学会, Oct. 2012, English

  Oral presentation


• 条約制度と一般国際法のインターフェイス

  柴田 明穂

  国際法学会, Oct. 2012, Japanese

  Oral presentation


• 「国際法の『客観化』−環境に関する国際法を題材に」

  Akiho Shibata

  国際法学会, Oct. 2007, Japanese, 国際法学会, -, Domestic conference

  Others


• International Law-Making Activities in the Conference of the Parties (COP)

  柴田 明穂

  2005 Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of World Law, May 2005, Japanese, Hitotsubashi University, Domestic conference

  Oral presentation


• "Antarctic Treaty System: Its Institutional Aspects"

  Akiho Shibata

  International Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Fishery Development in Taiwan, Dec. 2004, English, Kaohsiung Taiwan, International conference

  Others


• 「国際法形成フォーラムとしての南極条約協議国会議の『正当性』」

  Akiho Shibata

  国際法学会, Oct. 1999, Japanese, 東北大学, Domestic conference

  Others

• Japanese Branch of International Law Association


• American Society of International Law


• 世界法学会


• 国際法学会

• Re-establishing the Rule-Based Polar Cooperation: International Collaborative Research on International Polar Law

  柴田 明穂, 來田 真依子, 稲垣 治

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (International Collaborative Research), Kobe University, 08 Sep. 2023 - 31 Mar. 2029


• Resilience of the Antarctic Treaty System under the Anthropocene

  AKIHO SHIBATA, Shigeru Aoki, Hitomi Kimura, Osamu Ingakaki, Maiko Raita

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Pioneering), Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Pioneering), Kobe University, Jul. 2021 - Mar. 2026

  本研究は、地球システムと人類社会システムが一体化する人新世の下での法学研究の先駆として、国際法制度のレジリエンスのあり方を、法学的知見と地球科学を中心とした自然科学的知見を連携させた社会自然科学的手法を駆使して分析し、新たな国際法学術体系を開拓する。そのモデルケースとして、人新世的痕跡が著しい南極地域を管理する南極条約体制(ATS)を題材として、地球科学からの知見を踏まえて100年先の南極の姿を構想しながら、ATSがそのレジリエンスを発揮し強化しうる国際法学的知見を提示する。
  採択通知後の約7ヶ月の本年度の研究は、引き続きコロナ禍の影響により海外研究者との研究交流はほぼストップし、オンラインによる研究メンバーとの意見交換と研究基盤形成（電子書籍等の購入）が中心となった。それら研究基盤を活用して、Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Lawに、国際法における信義誠実原則の機能を検討する論文を掲載することができた。コロナ禍においても、2021年11月に、南極研究科学委員会(SCAR)人文社会科学常設委員会の年次研究大会を神戸大学主催にてハイブリッド形式で開催し、本研究に関連する研究報告及び対面での意見交換が出来たことは有益であった。その成果としてZia Madani氏との共著論文を発表し、フェローとして研究支援してくれたオスロ大学ポスドクのYelena Yermakova氏とAntarctic Science誌における特別号企画を進められたことは重要である。


• Best Availalbe Science and Antarctic Environmental Policy Making: Interdisciplinary Research

  Jeff McGee, Antje Neumann

  Kobe University, Kobe University Strategic International Collaboration Grant Type C, Kobe University, Apr. 2024 - Mar. 2025, Principal investigator


• 北極域研究加速プロジェクト(ArCS II)

  文部科学省, 補助金, 北極域の持続可能性を支える強靭な国際制度の設計と日本の貢献, Jun. 2020 - Mar. 2025, Principal investigator


• The Future Challenges of the Antarctic Legal Regime: An Iranian and Interdisciplinary perspective

  柴田 明穂, MADANI SEYED ZIAEDDIN

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, Kobe University, 18 Nov. 2021 - 31 Mar. 2024


• Japanese Influences on International Law

  濱本 正太郎, 柴田 明穂, 竹内 真理, 望月 康恵, 新井 京, 福永 有夏, 齋藤 民徒, 竹村 仁美, 石川 知子, 深町 朋子, 小畑 郁, 王 志安, 豊田 哲也, 福井 康人, 西 平等, 水島 朋則, 石橋 可奈美, 真山 全, 前田 直子, 阿部 達也, 石井 由梨佳, 青木 節子, 鶴田 順

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), Kyoto University, 05 Apr. 2021 - 31 Mar. 2024

  本年度は、先行研究の調査と資料収集とに集中した。とりわけ、日本および日本の国際法学が与えた「影響」について検討するという本研究の主題に鑑み、ある国あるいはその国の国際法学が「影響」を与えるとはどういうことか、につき、先行研究の収集と分析とに当たった。A国の行動が批判ないし称賛の対象となって、それに対処する（あるいはそれを一般化する）ために条約Xが作成され、多くの国の参加を得る、というようなわかりやすい場面は実際にはほとんどなく、種々の国家実行と議論とがないまぜになって次第に慣習法規範が成立していく、という場合においてどのように「影響」を測定するのか、また、特に明確な慣習法規範を想定できないような場合においてそもそも「影響」を議論することができるか、などの課題が明確になりつつある。ただし、現在も収集のプロセスにある先行研究は膨大であり、また、分析が進むにつれてこれまで関連性を予想していなかった種類の文献の関連性に気づくことも少なくなく、今後も先行研究の網羅的な調査と分析とを進める必要がある。 そのような分野横断的な問題に加えて、それぞれの担当分野において、日本の国家実行と日本の国際法学の先行研究の網羅的な調査を進めている。これまでも日本の国家実行の研究は相当程度なされているが、日本の国家実行が国際法形成に与えた「影響」という観点からの分析は決して多くなく、上で述べた「影響」概念の検討と連動させつつ、どのような実行をどのように評価するかにつき検討を進めている。


• The Rule-based International Order after the Russian aggression of Ukraine: Multidisciplinary research

  Akiho Shibata

  Kobe University, Strategic International Collaborative Research Type C, Kobe University, Apr. 2023 - Mar. 2024, Principal investigator


• 南極のあるべき将来像：2025年日本開催会日にむけた総合的提案

  三菱財団, 2020年度人文科学大型連携研究助成, Oct. 2020 - Mar. 2023, Principal investigator


• 国際法規範の実施による北極資源の持続可能な利用の実現

  三井物産環境基金, 2019年度研究助成, 神戸大学, Apr. 2020 - Mar. 2022, Principal investigator


• 地球科学とグローバル政策のつなぎ方：Earth to Global Study

  柴田 明穂

  学術研究助成基金助成金／基盤研究(B)特設, Apr. 2018 - Mar. 2021, Principal investigator

  Competitive research funding


• 北極国際法秩序の構想：科学・環境・海洋・組織

  柴田 明穂

  科学研究費補助金／基盤研究(B), Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2021, Principal investigator

  Competitive research funding


• 非北極国の北極海法秩序への貢献： 管理と法の学際的研究

  柴田 明穂

  特別研究員奨励費, Apr. 2017 - Mar. 2020, Principal investigator

  Competitive research funding


• 北極域研究推進プロジェクト（ArCS)

  文部科学省, 補助金, 神戸大学, Sep. 2015 - Mar. 2020, Coinvestigator


• 極域国際法秩序形成・発展の推進原理：科学・環境・領土・組織

  柴田 明穂

  学術研究助成基金助成金／挑戦的萌芽研究, Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2018, Principal investigator

  Competitive research funding


• Basic Structure of the International Legal Order for the Global Atmosphere

  YOSHIDA Osamu, SHIBATA Akiho, TAKAMURA Yukari, NAKATANI Kazuhiro, KOYANO Mari, NISHIMURA Tomoaki, ABE Yoshinori, HORIGUCHI Takeo, TAKEUCHI Mari, TSURUTA Jun, TSUKAHARA Yumi, KAMIGAWARA Kenji, MURASE Shinya

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), University of Tsukuba, 01 Apr. 2010 - 31 Mar. 2015

  In the present research project entitled “Basic Structure of the International Legal Order for the Global Atmosphere,” the research representative, co-researchers and other members who participated in this programme conducted research on international law concerning the protection of the global atmosphere and the prevention of global warming and published research results concerned. In particular, they contributed to the drafting and adoption of the ILA Legal Principles Relating to Climate Change, Draft Articles.


• Agreements within Treaty Regimes: Treaties over Time

  SHIBATA Akiho

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Kobe University, Apr. 2012 - Mar. 2015, Principal investigator

  This research examined the dynamic process of treaty regimes that internally adapts to changing interests and values of the international community, and proposed a working concept of "Agreements within Treaty Regimes" as a theoretical underpinning of treaty regime evolution. As examples, this research analyzed (1) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) regime; (2) Antarctic Treaty system (ATS); and (3) International Whaling Convention (ICRW) regime. In CBD regime, this research examined in detail its evolution through an adoption of a new treaty: the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol and identified its legal significance. In ATS, it was the Parties' practice of domestic implementation, whereas in ICRW regime, it was the resolutions of IWC, that made the respective treaty regimes to "evolve". These practice and resolutions may not establish "agreements" of all treaty parties; nevertheless, they did have a significant impact on the interpretation of the treaty provisions.

  Competitive research funding


• The Interface between International Law Theory and Environmental Treaty Negotiation : An Experience of "Professor-Diplomat"

  SHIBATA Akiho

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research, Kobe University, 2009 - 2011, Principal investigator

  The purpose of this study was to analyze the interface between the international legal theories and the environmental treaty negotiations, in order to highlight how general international law theories put the framework on and establish the foundations for the emerging treaty systems. In certain cases, for example in the field of environmental liability regimes, the general theory advocated by "professor-diplomats" was reflected in the treaty system. However, in other cases, the political considerations on the negotiating ground overwhelmed the plea for consistency with general theories of treaty interpretation and created special regimes, furthering the fragmentation of international law.

  Competitive research funding


• 国際法の訴訟化への理論的・実践的対応

  坂元 茂樹

  科学研究費補助金／基盤研究(A), 2011

  Competitive research funding


• Role of International Law in Multifunctional "Negotiation"

  SAKAMOTO Shigeki, IGARAHI Masahiro, SHIBATA Akiho, HAMAMOTO Shotaro, HAYASHI Mika, TAMADA Dai

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Kobe University, 2008 - 2010

  This research is devoted to the analysis of the new trend of multi-functional negotiations, in examining, in particular, the multinational negotiation process of international environmental agreements and of economic partnership agreement. As the result of research, it becomes clear that there is some fundamental norms which lead and prescribe the negotiation process.

  Competitive research funding


• Linkages and Coordination of Norm in International Legal Order : The Foundation and Role of Interstitial Norms

  SHIBATA Akiho, TAMADA Dai, SAKAI Hironobu, HAMAMOTO Shotaro, NAKAI Itsuko, TAKEUCHI Mari, ABE Tatsuya, KOBAYASHI Tomohiko

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Kobe University, 2007 - 2010, Principal investigator

  Interstitial norms function, behind the primary rules of international law, to regulate the normative relationship and the coordinated application of these rules, so that the international legal system positively responds to the changing societal needs. This study identified the key normative concepts, namely "l'etre situe" and "effectivite" as theoretical framework that will enable us to grasp the dynamism of international law claiming for its legality, legitimacy and effectiveness.

  Competitive research funding


• 国際公共海域における「遺伝子探査」をめぐる科学・ビジネス・法?国際法的枠組の模索

  柴田 明穂

  日本学術振興会, 科学研究費補助金／萌芽研究, 萌芽研究, 神戸大学, 2006 - 2008, Principal investigator

  本研究は、「遺伝子探査」(biological prospecting=BP)活動を巡る科学、ビジネス、そして関連する国内・国際法の現状と課題を明らかにし、その総合的検討を通じて、「遺伝子探査」活動を枠づける国際法規範・組織のあり方について、政策指向的に考察することを目的とする。 昨年度までは、一般的に、国際公共海域における「遺伝子探査」の実態把握と当該活動の規律可能性とあり方にっき、主に、南極条約協議国会議、国連海洋法条約、そして生物多様性条約の下で行われている議論を中心に考察した。その考察を踏まえて、本年度は、関係者とのインタビューや関係条約会議一次資料などを参考に、BPと称される一連の活動プロセスを、最初の採取行為、その後の実験室での研究、特許取得、そしてその商業的開発に区分して把握すべきことを明らかにした。この区分を基に、BPをめぐる議論を整理すると、規制不必要論は、一般に、採取行為から特許取得までに着目し、これら活動はBPではなく国際公共海域における科学活動の自由を行使した活動であり、従って、「規律」は不要であるとの立場である。これに対して、一部NGOを含むBP規制促進派は、特許取得ないしそれを利用した商業的開発及び収益活動に着目し、そこで利用される「遺伝子資源ないし情報」の起源が「全人類の利益」に供されるべき国際公共海城から採取されている場合には、採取活動にまで遡ってBPとなり、その規制及び利益の国際社会への還元が必要であるという立場になる。 このように、「遺伝子探査」活動をめぐる法的対応は、「遺伝子探査」をどの範囲の活動とし、どのように性格づけるかに依存するが、現在のところ、それら問題につき国際的な合意に至っていない。国際法規範・組織の定立はその次の課題である。

  Competitive research funding


• The Law of Treaties Reexamined in the Contemporary Context :Reality of the State Consent to Treaty Obligations

  SAKAMOTO Shigeki, IGARASHI Masahiro, SHIBATA Akiho, HAMAMOTO Shotaro, SAKAI Hironobu

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Kobe University, 2005 - 2007

  This research tries to reexamine the law of treaties in the contemporary context. Recent developments, particularly those regarding reservations or interpretation, reveal the necessity to reconsider the very foundation of the law of treaties, i.e., voluntarism. Sakamoto examined the evolution of treaty obligations through his research on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, with particular emphasis on the rules on treaty interpretation. Igarashi studied international legal issues related to the so-called post-war compensation and examined the evolution of interpretation of the Hague Convention and the Hague Regulation as well as the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Shibata, with his rich experience in practice in the fields, studied the influence exerted by treaty organs on the evolution of treaty interpretation as regards international environmental treaties, particularly the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, and the Antarctic Treaty. Hamamoto studied the role of treaty organs and the evolution of treaty stipulations with regard to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Investment Agreements. Sakai took in charge of the law of international organizations, especially the law of the United Nations, and carried out case studies on recent peacekeeping operations. The results of the research are essentially descriptions of relevant phenomena and the research does not involve an extensive theoretical analysis or an examination of background of these phenomena. However, the research is considered to have produced appreciable results, taking into account the fact that these phenomena have not been sufficiently described in a comprehensive manner.

  Competitive research funding


• Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System: An Analysis of its Institutional and Environmental Responses

  SHIBATA Akiho, KUROKAMI Naozumi, TAKAMURA Yukari, WATANABE Kentaro

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), 2005 - 2006, Principal investigator

  This Study aims to clarify the nature and the process of the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) in light of the institutional and environmental challenges it faces in the recent years. First, this study analyzed the establishment of the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty in 2003, from the perspective of international law and the law of international organizations. Shibata has overviewed the institutional development of the ATS, while Kurokami analyzed the history of the evolution of international secretariats, within which the significance of the establishment of the AT Secretariat was examined. A detailed analysis of the negotiating history of and the legal provisions relating to the establishment of the AT Secretariat (Shibata) demonstrated that the ecretariat, from institutional point of view, was unique in nature, as negotiating states was very careful not to establish it as an international organization. Second, as regards the environmental challenges, this study examined the so-called Liability Annex (adopted in 2005) to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. This study analyzed in detail the negotiating history of the Liability Annex (Shibata) and examined its substantive content from the perspective of international environmental law (Takamura). Watanabe has also examined it from the perspective of science: its consequences for scientific activities in Antarctica. As the result of the above research, this study came to the conclusion that the ATS, while coping with the institutional and environmental challenges, did not change its fundamental nature but evolved and strengthened it, as the System incorporated the general tenets of international law developments into its adaptation process, thereby demonstrating its resilience.

  Competitive research funding


• Theory of Humanitarian Intervention -Its normative turn and contemporary meaning

  SERITA Kentaro, HAMAMOTO Shotaro, SAKAI Hironobu, NAKAMURA Osamu, SHIBATA Akiho, NAKAI Itsuko

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Kobe University, 2000 - 2003

  This research project explores the much-discussed notion of humanitarian intervention. Although the notion consists of a wide variety of aspects, political, sociological, cultural, etc., we have limited our perspective to a strictly legal one. Sakai analyses the notion of "humanitarian intervention by/through the United Nations and points out that this highly ambiguous notion may serve, unconsciously, as a formalistic and facile justification of use of force. Nakamura examines the relationship between regional organizations and the United Nations. In the light of recent practice in which the Security Council hardly maintains its effective control on military operations exercised under its authority, he emphasizes the Security Council's primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Hamamoto inquires about State practice concerning humanitarian intervention without authorization by the Security Council and concludes that States rarely deny the legality of humanitarian intervention categorically but almost always question about the sincerity of "humanitarian" intention of intervening States. Shibata, through his historical and doctrinal investigation, reveals Tabata Shigejiro's decisive role on "outlawing" intervention. He also suggests the possibility of a revival of Taoka Ryoichi's theory, which tends to "legalize" interventions in the face of the lack of an enforcement mechanism in the international community. Nakai summarized the process of the development of international human rights law and its influence in the Japanese legal order. Serita scrutinized international rules and systems of humanitarian assistance in the case of natural disaster, particularly through a detailed account of State practice concerning the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake.


• 地球環境保護に関する国際法制度の創設とその実施における正当性と公正さの主張

  柴田 明穂

  日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 奨励研究(A), 岡山大学, 1997 - 1998

  1 地球環境保護に関する国際法制度が、その遵守を関係諸国に対して要求し得るのは、その制度創設及び実施が正当プロセスに則っていることが必要である。この仮説を実証的に論証していくことが、本研究の目的である。本年度の研究成果は、南極条約体制における国際法制度創設・実施過程の検討を通じて、この仮説をかなりの説得力をもって提示しえることが明らかになったことである。 2 国立極地研究所及び外務省地球規模問題課における南極条約体制に関する資料の地道な収集・分析・検討の結果、以下の諸点が明らかになった。(1)1970年代以降、南極資源の保存と開発を規律する国際法制度を創設するフォーラムとして、少数の南極利害関係国で構成される協議国会議か、それとも国連総会のような普遍的な機関のどちらが正当性があるかが争われた。(2)協議国会議の開放性と情報公開を求める国際社会の圧力に対して、協議国は、非協議国のオブザーバー参加、会議文書の原則公開、協議国資格取得の条件緩和という一連の制度的改革を行い、協議国会議の正当性を向上させた。これらの措置は、協議国会議の国際社会に対するアカウンタビリティー(説明責任)を向上させたといえる。(3)この正当性向上の結果、1988年鉱物資源活動規制条約には、途上国や非協議国の意向を反映した多くの規定が挿入され、その遵守力向上に貢献した。3 鉱物資源条約は、しかしながら、豪国と仏国の署名拒否により発効せず、代わりに1991年に南極環境議定書が採択された。このプロセスには様々な要因が関わるが、その一つとして、開放性の向上した協議国会議国際法創設過程に対する非国家アクター、特に環境NGOの影響が挙げられる。これも、別の意味で、協議国会議のアカウンタビリティーを向上させ、究極的には、そこで創設される国際法の遵守力を向上させると思われる。


• 国際法形成過程における正当性と公正さの主張

  柴田 明穂

  日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 奨励研究(A), 岡山大学, 1996 - 1996

  1.国家は、なぜ国際法規範を遵守するのか。本研究は、国家が国際法を遵守すべきであると認識する一要因として、国際法形成過程における正当性と公正さが考えられるのではないかとの仮説の下に理論的及び実証的研究を行い、この仮説を根拠付けることを目的とした。 2.まず理論的研究として、伝統的な法源論の意義と限界を、「一貫した反対国」の法理を再検討することを通じて明らかにした。すなわち、「一貫した反対国」の法理が、その理論的基礎が脆弱であるにも拘わらず主張されるのは、国連海洋法条約作成過程に顕著に見られたように、会議本における対話によって成文規範が意識的に形成されるような現代的国際法形成過程を適切に把握する理論が、未だに構築されていないからであった。そして、この新たな理論を構築する際には、現代的国際法形成過程において主張されている、国際法形成過程の手続的正当性と内容的公正さを検討しなければならないことも明らかになった。 3.次に実証的研究であるが、これについては、時間の制約から、その検討に着手したばかりである。具体的には、南極条約レジームの正当性に関する議論を追っている。また、自然及び産業災害時の国際緊急救援制度の成立過程を検討しながら、国際レジームの形成と実施において、国際機構(IAEAや国連)が関係国の利害を調整・バランスしながら、当該レジームの正当性と実効性を確保する機能を担っていることが明らかになった。今後は、さらに多くの国際法形成過程を実証的に分析することにより、国際法形成過程における正当性と公正さのより具体的な要因を抽出していく必要がある。

• Need a new treaty for polar cooperation?, by Camille Lin

  Other than myself, Polar Journal, 05 Apr. 2023, https://polarjournal.ch/en/2023/04/05/need-a-new-treaty-for-polar-cooperation/

  Internet


• ウクライナ侵攻と北極国際協力のゆくえ：ロシアとの協力継続はいかなる条件で可能か

  Myself, 神戸大学プレスリリース, 23 Mar. 2023, https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/research_at_kobe/NEWS/news/2023_03_23_01.html

  PR


• ロシアと日本の北極科学協力の可能性についての考察 〜北極域研究加速プロジェクト(ArCS II)の研究成果～

  Myself, 神戸大学プレスリリース, 08 Mar. 2023, https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/research_at_kobe/NEWS/news/2023_03_08_01.html

  PR


• 研究の世界で進むロシア排除 北極圏や宇宙開発などでは影響も.

  産経新聞., 01 Jun. 2022, https://www.sankei.com/article/20220601-V2V6KQYHTBPLTDF22DHMIEGAI4/

  Paper


• ウクライナ侵略後の極域科学外交のあり方について ― ロシアとの対話を継続する重要性 ― .

  Myself, 神戸大学プレスリリース, 22 May 2022, https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/research_at_kobe/NEWS/news/2022_05_24_01.html

  PR


• How can the Antarctic Treaty System respond to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

  Myself, Polar Connection, 20 Mar. 2022, https://polarconnection.org/antarctic-treaty-system-ukraine-shibata/?fbclid=IwAR2IUXe1gWdo9PlavT7McO5Wl1RRjAt1g7FqZHY6ZkXF48Id5x0e0-pDwWQ

  Internet