原田 勉 | ![]() |
ハラダ ツトム | |
大学院経営学研究科 経営学専攻 | |
教授 | |
商学・経済学関係 |
2000年06月 組織学会, 組織学会高宮賞(著書部門), 知識転換の経営学
2000年01月 日本ナレッジマネジメント学会, 日本ナレッジマネジメント学会研究奨励賞, 知識転換の経営学
2000年01月 社団法人日本経営協会, 経営科学文献賞奨励賞, 知識転換の経営学
1999年06月 組織学会, 組織学会高宮賞(論文部門), 汎用・専用技術の相互浸透
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Although it is considered that two heads are better than one, related studies argued that groups rarely outperform their best members. This study examined not only whether two heads are better than one but also whether three heads are better than two or one in the context of two-armed bandit problems where learning plays an instrumental role in achieving high performance. This research revealed that a U-shaped correlation exists between performance and group size. The performance was highest for either individuals or triads, but the lowest for dyads. Moreover, this study estimated learning properties and determined that high inverse temperature (exploitation) accounted for high performance. In particular, it was shown that group effects regarding the inverse temperatures in dyads did not generate higher values to surpass the averages of their two group members. In contrast, triads gave rise to higher values of the inverse temperatures than their averages of their individual group members. These results were consistent with our proposed hypothesis that learning coherence is likely to emerge in individuals and triads, but not in dyads, which in turn leads to higher performance. This hypothesis is based on the classical argument by Simmel stating that while dyads are likely to involve more emotion and generate greater variability, triads are the smallest structure which tends to constrain emotions, reduce individuality, and generate behavioral convergences or uniformity because of the ‘‘two against one” social pressures. As a result, three heads or one head were better than two in our study.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2021年06月17日, PLOS ONE, 16 (6), e0252122 - e0252122, 英語[査読有り]
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This study examined the effects of mood and risk-taking on divergent and convergent thinking using a Q-learning computation model. The results revealed that while mood was not significantly related to divergent or convergent thinking (as creative thinking types), risk-taking exerted positive effects on divergent thinking in the face of negative rewards. The results were consistent with the representational change theory in insight problem solving. Although this theory accounts directly for insight, the underlying idea of going beyond current contexts and implicit constrains could be applied to creative thinking as well. The results indeed accounted for the relevance of this theory to divergent thinking. The current study is one of the first empirical studies simultaneously examining the role of mood and risk-taking in creativity. In particular, no related studies exist that took a computational approach to estimate the relevant parameters in the framework of dynamic optimization. Our Q learning model enables to distinguish and identify the different roles of mood and risk-taking in updating
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This article develops an inter-sectoral endogenous innovation model that is able to account for changing productive relations among sectors and examines how the relation-specific investment affects the evolution of industry structure. It is shown that in the steady state, the economy gets stuck in the "growth trap" where the economy still achieves positive growth, but at the lowest level. The most efficient remedies for the growth trap are to facilitate relation-specific investment among sectors and to decrease the degree of specialization in the economy. Thus, the relation-specific investment is indeed instrumental in improving economic efficiency in the face of the growth trap. These remedies could be implemented by subsidies on relation-specific groups and permanent R&D taxes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2015年03月, STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS, 32 (1), 1 - 10, 英語[査読有り]
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This paper models a focusing device of innovation in which a cluster has an o-ring type production function and each technology component endogenously upgrades its quality. We show that provided the magnitude of innovation is the same across technology components, competitive equilibrium is an efficient mechanism by which core technology-driven innovations emerge with expanding inequality among clusters. Our result is in sharp contrast to bottleneck-removed innovation which is widely accepted. The inefficiency arises, however, when low-powered incentives, such as cost plus contracting, are employed to reward innovation. In this case, the corresponding factor price provides erroneous information regarding the potential benefits of innovation, which should be corrected by some form of policy intervention. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.
2014年01月, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23 (1), 49 - 62, 英語[査読有り]
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This paper develops a multi-sector endogenous innovation model that is able to account for the dynamics of comparative advantage of each sector within the economy. The model in this paper assumes that two kinds of learning effects exist in R& D: advantages of backwardness and forwardness. It is shown that if the economy is divided into advanced and backward sectors, in the latter sectors, the advantage of backwardness dominates, leading to cyclic repetition of comparative advantage. However, in the former sectors, the advantage of forwardness becomes more significant, so comparative advantage among these sectors stabilizes. Thus, the direction of learning spillovers has a critical effect on the dynamics of comparative advantage. Given this result, it is shown that only R& D policies for the marginal sector are effective in facilitating economic growth. If a decision is made to facilitate R& D investment within advanced sectors, R& D taxes, rather than subsidies, should be imposed on this marginal sector. Moreover, it is shown that trade liberalization does not affect the intrinsic dynamics of comparative advantage among surviving sectors in the economy if the locus of this marginal sector does not change significantly after trade liberalization. © 2011 University of Venice.
2012年03月, Research in Economics, 66 (1), 72 - 81, 英語[査読有り]
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This paper constructs an endogenous growth model that identifies three patterns in the division of labor in terms of innovation between GPT and SPT sectors: (1) the SPT stage, (2) the GPT-SPT joint-research stage, and (3) the autonomous GPT stage. It is shown that the emergence of GPT only has a temporary level effect, and a negative effect on economic growth. However, the new phenomenon of the autonomous GPT stage has a positive influence on both growth and level effects. This result theoretically explains the emergence and resolution of the IT productivity paradox.
SPRINGER, 2010年10月, JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS, 20 (5), 741 - 764, 英語[査読有り]
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This paper develops an integrated model of neoclassical and endogenous growth, which accounts for both income inequalities across countries and the convergence hypothesis, while all the growth stylized facts are satisfied. The model in this paper assumes that an economy industrializes in two stages. In the first stage, the economy starts indus trialization through factor accumulation (the Solow stage) and after sufficient factor accumulation, it switches to the second stage of endogenous growth through innovation (the AK stage). Therefore, it becomes crucial to determine when switching from the Solow to the AK stages is implemented. We model this switching problem as a two-stage optimal control and show that the growth rate declines during the Solow stage, while in the AK stage it becomes constant. In addition, we draw several policy implications. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
2010年09月, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 19 (6), 521 - 538, 英語[査読有り]
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This paper develops a two-stage economic growth model with real options and examines the effects of various subsidy policies. The economic stages are the deterministic and stochastic AK stages, and the economy may shift between the two, depending upon state variables and technological shocks. This model allows for path-dependent economic growth that accounts for both club convergence and divergence across countries. Moreover, it is shown that under certain conditions, a decrease in the subsidy rate facilitates the shift from the deterministic to stochastic AK stages, which is defined as "economic progress", even in the face of an economic crisis, while more subsidies delay economic progress and promote the shift from the stochastic to deterministic AK stages, which is defined as "economic regress". © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
2010年08月, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 21 (3), 197 - 205, 英語[査読有り]
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The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the role of gatekeeper in R&D organizations through the data collected from a midium-sized machine tool firm. Although the related literature points out (1) information gathering and (2) information transmitting functions as main roles of gatekeeper, this paper further suggests (3) knowledge transforming function that has to be executed within R&D organizations. We will argue that since the latter function often requires distinctive skills that impede information gathering activities, there emerges a three-step flow of communication instead of a two-step flow of communication. We define persons fulfilling this new role as a knowledge transformer, and related testable hypotheses are derived. The latter part of this paper proposes new measuring methods that identify knowledge transformers and test these hypotheses. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2003年12月, RESEARCH POLICY, 32 (10), 1737 - 1751, 英語[査読有り]
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本研究の目的は、研究開発組織における情報メディアとしてのゲートキーパーの役割について中堅工作機械メーカーから収集したデータをもとに再検討を行うことにある。既存の研究では、ゲートキーパーの受け持つ機能として、(1)情報収集機能、(2)情報伝達機能、が指摘されてきたが、現在では、それに加え、(3)知識転換機能が重要な役割を果たしていることを議論する。そして、これらの機能のうち、情報収集機能と知識転換機能には別々の異なった、しかも相対立するスキルが要求されるため、ゲートキーパーとコミュニケーション・スターは一致せず、したがって、2段階ではなく3段階のコミュニケーション・フローが生じるというのが本研究の基本的な仮説である。われわれは、後者のコミュニケーション・スターを外部情報を組織特有の知へと転換するトランスフォーマーとして定義し、既存の実証研究とは異なった新たなエコノメトリック手法により仮説の検討を行う。
一般社団法人情報処理学会, 2000年07月11日, 情報処理学会研究報告, 2000 (63), 1 - 6, 日本語一般書・啓蒙書
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