野中 哲士 | |
ノナカ テツシ | |
大学院人間発達環境学研究科 人間発達専攻 | |
教授 | |
理学その他 |
私の研究室では、人間の習慣的技能が結びつく先にある環境の性質について研究しています。臨機応変なふるまいの推移が生起する現場を実際に眺めてみると、そこで環境がもたらしている足場の豊かさに気付かされます。融通無碍に環境とつながるやわらかい知能について、「まわり」から迫ることで、本質的な理解を得たいとわたしたちは考えています。
While craft apprenticeship can be understood as socially mediated individual learning, the ensuing prediction of individual and cultural object traits within craft communities has not been investigated. Here we provide an assessment of vessel shape variations occurring through cultural transmission and their visual perception by the craftsmen. To this end, 26 Hebron potters distributed through nine familial transmission units were asked to produce vessels of three different pottery types, then 21 of the participants were invited to visually identify their proper vessels and those of five other potters. We used the Elliptical Fourier method to analyze vessel shape variation among the productions. Our findings demonstrated that the learning process modified the ceramic shape, the cultural morphological traits being combined with new individual traits. Moreover, the individual morphological traits overtook the cultural ones, which is supposed to lead to divergence of vessel shapes within the transmission chain. If certain cultural morphological traits perpetuate through generations, this certainly does not result from fidelity copying occurring through learning but from stabilizing mechanisms such as consumer demand. Our results showed that potters do perceive the subtle same-type vessel shape variations and thereby could select the individual variant they prefer to produce.
Elsevier, 2021年07月, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 63, 英語, 国際誌, 国際共著している[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Among children learning to read braille, we asked whether the quantitative kinematics of scanning movements of the reading finger would be related to the proficiency of braille reading. Over a period of 12 months, we recorded the position and orientation of the reading fingers of eight congenitally or early blind children. We found that the strength of long-range power-law temporal correlations in the velocity fluctuations increased with performance in braille reading. In addition, we found that the variability of the angular orientation of the reading finger that affects the contact region on the fingerpad was negatively related to braille reading performance. These results confirm that the quantitative kinematics of finger scanning movements were related to functional performance in braille reading. The results add to the growing body of evidence that long-range temporal correlations in exploratory behavior can predict perceptual performance, and that scanning movements that center important tactile information on the small, high resolution area contribute to the pickup of information.
Springer Nature, 2021年04月, Scientific Reports, 11 (7182), 1 - 12, 英語, パスワードが無い, 国際誌, 国際共著している[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
書字技能の習得は,他の多くの道具使用と同様に,手持ち操作の習熟を要するものである.と同時に,書字の技能とその習得の過程においては,他の道具使用とは異なる,固有の事情や制約もまた存在する.たとえばそのひとつとして,書字動作およびその習熟が,他者による識別を可能にする機会を外部の環境内にもたらすことに向けられているという,書字の機能がそもそも社会的なものであるという事情が挙げられる.本稿ではこうした書字技能特有の事情を考慮しつつ,字を書く身体動作において冗長な自由度がどのように組織化されているのか,また字を書くことを学ぶ中で子どもの動作がどのように変化するのかという点について,周囲の環境とのあいだの関係形成という視点から事例とともに考察する.
日本バイオメカニズム学会, 2020年09月, バイオメカニズム学会誌, 44 (4), 203 - 210, 日本語, パスワードが無い, 国際共著していない[招待有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
The use of a spoon for eating is among the important daily skills in early development. The article provides an analysis of how caregiver-toddler interactions guides the attention of toddlers who were first learning how to use a spoon to spoon-related action opportunities that were relevant to the mealtime context. Our analysis revealed several related results. First, caregivers often manipulated objects on the table (i.e., food and dishes), and toddlers were more likely than chance to use their spoon to contact food immediately after watching these caregiver manipulations. Second, toddlers looked more often at the caregiver's hand than at their face. Third, toddlers tended to look at the caregiver's hand when the caregiver was manipulating objects on the table, and after these looks, toddlers were more likely than chance to contact food with their spoon. Finally, the toddlers' choices about when to look at the caregiver were influenced by their own behavior, as if they wanted to know how the caregiver would react to what they had done. We discuss these results in terms of the learning of socially promoted action opportunities for meal-related spoon use.
Wiley, 2020年12月, Developmental Psychobiology, 62 (8), 1124 - 1133, 英語, パスワードが無い, 国際誌, 国際共著している[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Studies have documented that traditional motor skills (i.e. motor habits) are part of the cultural way of life that characterises each society. Yet, it is still unclear to what extent motor skills are inherited through culture. Drawing on ethnology and motor behaviour, we addressed this issue through a detailed description of traditional pottery skills. Our goal was to quantify the influence of three kinds of constraints: the transcultural constraints of wheel-throwing, the cultural constraints induced via cultural transmission, and the potters' individual constraints. Five expert Nepalese potters were invited to produce three familiar pottery types, each in five specimens. A total of 31 different fashioning hand positions were identified. Most of them (14) were cross-cultural, ten positions were cultural, five positions were individual, and two positions were unique. Statistical tests indicated that the subset of positions used by the participants in this study were distinct from those of other cultural groups. Behaviours described in terms of fashioning duration, number of gestures, and hand position repertoires size highlighted both individual and cross-cultural traits. We also analysed the time series of the successive hand positions used throughout the fashioning of each vessel. Results showed, for each pottery type, strong reproducible sequences at the individual level and a clearly higher level of variability between potters. Overall, our findings confirm the existence of a cultural transmission in craft skills but also demonstrated that the skill is not fully determined by a cultural marking. We conclude that the influence of culture on craft skills should not be overstated, even if its role is significant given the fact that it reflects the socially transmitted part of the skill. Such research offers insights into archaeological problems in providing a representative view of how cultural constraints influence the motor skills implied in artefact manufacturing.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2020年10月01日, PLOS ONE, 15 (10), e0239139 - e0239139, 国際誌, 国際共著している[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Ceramics are quintessential indicators of human culture and its evolution across generations of social learners. Cultural transmission and evolution theory frequently emphasizes apprentices’ need for accurate imitation (high-fidelity copying) of their mentors’ actions. However, the ensuing prediction of standardized fashioning patterns within communities of practice has not been directly addressed in handicraft traditions such as pottery throwing. To fill this gap, we analysed variation in vessel morphogenesis amongst and within traditional potters from culturally different workshops producing for the same market. We demonstrate that, for each vessel type studied, individual potters reliably followed distinctive routes through morphological space towards a much-less-variable common final shape. Our results indicate that mastering the pottery handicraft does not result from accurately reproducing a particular model behaviour specific to the community’s cultural tradition. We provide evidence that, at the level of the elementary clay-deforming gestures, individual learning rather than simple imitation is required for the acquisition of a complex motor skill such as throwing pottery.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2020年09月22日, PLOS ONE, 15 (9), e0239362 - e0239362, 英語, 国際誌, 国際共著している[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
The fundamental difference between the enactive approach and Gibson’s ecological approach lies in the view toward our shared environment. For Varela, Thompson, and Rosch (1991), a pregiven environment that exists “out there” is incompatible with the worlds enacted by various histories of life. For Gibson (1979/2015), the environment with its unlimited possibilities that exists out there offers many ways of life. Drawing on the recent empirical studies on the mechanical basis of information and pattern formation in a wide range of fields, this paper illustrates a principle regarding how pattern and change that are formed in an environmental medium, under certain conditions, could serve as the reservoir of information that makes available a variety of opportunities for perception. The second part of this paper offers a discussion about how the consideration of the materials that make up the terrestrial environment—the particles in the atmosphere and the textured surfaces—led Gibson to replace the concept of “space” with the notion of “medium” that allows for the open-ended activities of perception. Finally, I argue that given due consideration of the ambient information available in the medium, the apparent incompatibility between the world independent of the perceiver that exist out there and the worlds enacted by various histories of life could be resolved.
Frontiers, 2020年03月, Frontiers in Psychology, 11:447, 1 - 11, 英語, パスワードが無い, 国際誌, 国際共著していない[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
This study provides a detailed description of the process of the emergence of the utensil-using skill of infants to control encounters with food and mother-infant joint action that surrounds the emergence of this context-specific skill. Longitudinal observations from the first contact with a utensil to the beginning of successful self-feeding with a utensil found that there was an extended period of exploratory utensil use that precedes the use of the utensil for the goal of feeding around which adults organized the environment where such feeding-irrelevant activities of the infants were tolerated. Subsequently, adults gradually introduced and highlighted the opportunities for infants' functional feeding encounters, often by adjusting the position of objects on the table. Overall, we found the process of what may be called affordance selection—in which a definite set of opportunities for action among many available were selected by adults to invite certain spontaneous behaviors of developing infants. This study adds to the growing realization that normally occurring experiences of rich affordances matter in the development of specific behavior in a given cultural context.
Routledge, 2018年07月03日, Ecological Psychology, 30 (3), 278 - 298, 英語, パスワードが無い[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
OBJECTIVE. We sought to investigate whether occupational therapy that includes adjusting the challenge–skill balance improves health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for older adults in comparison with standard occupational therapy.
METHOD. In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 56 older adults were assigned to two groups that received 10 sessions of occupational therapy with and without adjustment of challenge–skill balance. The primary outcome was change in HRQOL after 10 sessions of occupational therapy.
RESULTS. Significant differences were observed in HRQOL using the EuroQol–5 Dimension score (p = .022, d = 0.76) and the eight-item Short-Form Health Survey scores for general health (p = .001, d = 0.99) and in flow experience using the Flow State Scale for Occupational Tasks (p = .008, d = 0.82).
CONCLUSION. Assessment and adjustment of the challenge–skill balance of activities may effectively improve older adults’ HRQOL.
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
[招待有り]
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The aim of the present study was to examine how the social norms shared in a classroom environment influence the development of movement dynamics of handwriting of children who participate in the environment. To look into this issue, the following aspects of the entire period of classroom learning of hiragana letters in Japanese 1st graders who had just entered primary school were studied: First, the structure of classroom events and the specific types of interaction and learning within such environment were described. Second, in the experiment involving 6-year-old children who participated in the class, writing movements of children and their changes over the period of hiragana education were analyzed for each stroke composing letters. It was found that writing movement of children became differentiated in a manner specific to the different types of stroke endings, to which children were systematically encouraged to attend in the classroom. The results provide a detailed description of the process of how dynamics of fine motor movement of children is modulated by the social norms of a populated, classroom environment in a non-Latin alphabet writing system.
WILEY, 2017年09月, DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, 59 (6), 749 - 766, 英語, パスワードが無い[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
[査読有り]
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
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研究論文(国際会議プロシーディングス)
The process of self-righting to recover the orientation to the ground was observed in Japanese beetles. Video observation of self-righting processes in an indoor environment suggested that the properties of the environment that afforded self-righting were (a) texture of the substrate surface; (b) a soft, deformable object that can be held on to and swung by a beetle; and (c) the gap between the substrate and a hard object that afforded a spiral-like rotation of a beetle. Incorporating such properties, self-righting of beetles emerged as 3 kinds of environment-action systems: a surface texture/leg tip system; a soft object held by limbs/round back on the ground system; and a hard object/multiple limbs/round back on the ground system. Controlled experiments on multiple individuals further revealed that what is meaningful to self-righting is not a local, discrete texture of a surface but a higher order combination of textures of surfaces surrounding the animal. Based on the results, flexibility of action, properties of the environment that afford beetles' orientation to the surroundings, and the features of the distal tip of the limbs of beetles, as well as the reciprocity among them, are discussed.
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016年, ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 28 (2), 78 - 107, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Objective: The objectives of the present study were to assess the complexity and multidimensionality of rehabilitation needs of very old stroke patients aged >= 80 years and report how rehabilitation interventions are customized to meet the complex needs of patients at a hospital with a majority of old patients. Methods: The complex problems faced by 18 post-stroke patients (age, range: 80-92 years) were characterized in terms of the following multiple dimensions: (1) clinical features, (2) functional (motor/cognitive) impairment features, (3) psychological aspects, and (4) environmental aspects. We then evaluated the rehabilitation interventions designed to address the problems identified in these different dimensions in detail. Results: The needs of very old stroke patients were extremely complex and unique. To cope with this complexity, rehabilitation interventions were customized in a flexible manner, considering the different dimensions of the needs of these patients. Although the interventions were customized, the complex problems experienced by patients could be divided into stroke conditions on the basis of some invariant patterns in rehabilitation intervention. Conclusions: We obtained empirical data that illustrated the necessity of considering not only clinical features, but also multiple dimensions of problems faced by very old stroke patients during rehabilitation interventions.
MANEY PUBLISHING, 2015年04月, TOPICS IN STROKE REHABILITATION, 22 (2), 102 - 115, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
The earliest direct evidence for tool-use by our ancestors are 2.6 million year old stone tools from Africa. These earliest artifacts show that, already, early hominins had developed the required advanced movement skills and cognitive capacities to manufacture stone tools. Currently, it is not well understood, however, which specific movement skills are required for successful stone knapping and accordingly it is unknown how these skills emerged during early hominin evolution. In particular, it is not clear which striking movements are indicative of skilled performance, how striking movement patterns vary with task and environmental constraints, and how movement patterns are passed on within social groups. The present study addresses these questions by investigating striking movement patterns and striking variability in 18 modern stone knappers (nine experienced and nine novices). The results suggest that no single movement pattern characterizes successful stone knapping. Participants showed large inter-individual movement variability of the elementary knapping action irrespective of knapping experience and knapping performance. Changes in task- and environmental constraints led knappers to adapt their elementary striking actions using a combination of individual and common strategies. Investigation of striking pattern similarities within social groups showed only partial overlap of striking patterns across related individuals. The results therefore suggest that striking movement patterns in modern stone knappers are largely specific to the individual and movement variability is not indicative of knapping performance. The implications of these results for the development of percussive traditions are discussed.
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2014年11月, PLOS ONE, 9 (11), e113567, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
[招待有り]
Understanding the human aging of postural control and how physical or motor activity improves balance and gait is challenging for both clinicians and researchers. Previous studies have evidenced that physical and sporting activity focusing on cardiovascular and strength conditioning help older adults develop their balance and gait and/or decrease their frequency of falls. Motor activity based on motor-skill learning has also been put forward as an alternative to develop balance and/or prevent falls in aging. Specifically dance has been advocated as a promising program to boost motor control. In this study, we examined the effects of contemporary dance (CD) on postural control of older adults. Upright stance posturography was performed in 38 participants aged 54-89 years before and after the intervention period, during which one half of the randomly assigned participants was trained to CD and the other half was not trained at all (no dance, ND). CD training lasted 4 weeks, 3 times a week. We performed classical statistic scores of postural signal and dynamic analyses, namely signal diffusion analysis (SDA), recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). CD modulated postural control in older trainees, as revealed in the eyes closed condition by a decrease in fractal dimension and an increase in DFA alpha component in the mediolateral plane. The ND group showed an increase in length and mean velocity of postural signal, and the eyes open a decrease in RQA maximal diagonal line in the anteroposterior plane and an increase in DFA alpha component in the mediolateral plane. No change was found in SDA in either group. We suggest that such a massed practice of CD reduced the quantity of exchange between the subject and the environment by increasing their postural confidence. Since CD has low-physical but high-motor impact, we conclude that it may be recommended as a useful program to rehabilitate posture in aging.
FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION, 2014年02月, FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE, 6 (17), 1 - 12, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Dexterous behavior exhibits exquisite context sensitivity, implying the efficacy of exploration to detect the task-relevant information. Inspired by the recent finding that fractal scaling of exploratory movements predicts how well the movements sample available perceptual information, we investigate the possibility that dexterity of craftsmen would be characterized by fractal (long-range) temporal correlation properties of fluctuations in their movement wielding a tool. A reanalysis of hammering behavior involved in stone beads production in India (Nonaka & Bril, 2012) revealed the presence of long-range, power-law correlations, as part of multiplicative cascades operating over a wide range of time scales. In the unfamiliar condition using unusual material, the wielding behavior of highly skilled experts displayed a significant increase of long-range temporal correlations, whereas that of less experts exhibited a significant loss of long-range correlations and reduced heterogeneity of scaling properties over time, which robustly discriminated the groups with different skill levels. Alterations in long-range correlation properties of movement fluctuations are apparently associated with changes in the situation differently depending on the level of expertise.
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, 2014年02月, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE, 40 (1), 218 - 231, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
This study examined the movement coordination in an exceptional tetraplegic individual who has practiced Japanese calligraphy with a mouth-held brush for over 25 years to reach master level. In the experiment, the calligrapher wrote the same Chinese character on a sheet of ink paper multiple times. The uncontrolled manifold analysis revealed the forms of covariation among joint degrees of freedom so as to keep the brush pressure, brush angle, and upright head posture invariant over different realizations of the task while allowing for joint configuration fluctuations that do not affect these task variables. The fact that the 3 task variables were simultaneously controlled further suggested that the acquisition of the skill was not only a matter of learning to control each of the task variables but also a matter of learning to nest different layers of activities that control the multiple functional relationships to the environment in such a way as not to be dysfunctional for one layer to another. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
2013年04月, Ecological Psychology, 25 (2), 131 - 154, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Stone tool-use and manufacture is seen as an important skill during the evolution of our species and recently there has been increased interest in the understanding of perceptual-motor abilities underlying this skill. This study provides further information with respect to the motor strategies used during stone knapping. Kinematics of the striking arm were recorded in expert and novice knappers while producing flakes of two different sizes. Using Uncontrolled Manifold Analysis, the results showed that knappers structure joint angle movements such that the hammer trajectory variability is minimized across trials, with experts displaying significantly smaller variability compared with novices. Principal component analysis further revealed that a single component captures the complexity of the strike and that the strike is governed by movements of the elbow and the wrist. Analysis of movement velocities indicated that both groups adjusted movement velocities according to flake size although experts used smaller hammer, wrist, and elbow velocities in both flake conditions compared with novices. The results suggest that while the gross striking movement is easy to replicate for a novice knapper, it requires prolonged training before a knapper becomes attuned to the finer details necessary for controlled flaking. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:539-550, 2013. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2013年04月, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 150 (4), 539 - 550, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
J.J. Gibsonの知覚システム論を背景とし,周囲の情報を浮かび上がらせ,獲得する行動の仕組みや成り立ちを検討することを通して人間の知覚を理解しようとする試みがこれまで行われてきた.本論文では,近年のこうした試みの中から,片麻痺患者によるダイナミックタッチ研究(Silva et al., 2009)をレビューする.同研究は,神経や運動に何らかの障害を抱えた患者の場合でも,環境の対象を特定するような情報に対して,多様な探索行動の組織を通してアクセスし得る事例を示した.行為を支える環境の特性の知覚における探索行動の不変を抽出するこうしたアプローチが,リハビリテーションにもたらす示唆について考察する.
2013年03月, 生態心理学研究, 6 (1), 51 - 54, 日本語[査読有り][招待有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
研究論文(大学,研究機関等紀要)
研究論文(大学,研究機関等紀要)
In his attempt to find cognitive traits that set humans apart from nonhuman primates with respect to tool use, Vaesen overlooks the primacy of the environment toward the use of which behavior evolves. The occurrence of a particular behavior is a result of how that behavior has evolved in a complex and changing environment selected by a unique population.
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2012年08月, BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES, 35 (4), 233 - +, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
In human manual activities, the two hands are often engaged in differentiated roles while cooperating with each other to produce an integrated outcome. Using recurrence methods, we studied the asymmetric bimanual action involved in stone bead production by craftsmen of different skill levels, and examined (a) how the control of unilateral movement is embedded in that of a bimanual system, and (b) how the behavior of a bimanual system is embedded in the context of the function performed in the world. Evidence was found that the movements of the two hands of experts were functionally linked, reflecting the roles assumed by each hand. We further found that only the dynamics of bimanual coordination of experts differentiated the functional requirements of different sub-goals. These results suggest that expertise in this skilled bimanual action lies in the nesting of functionally specific adjustments at different levels of a control hierarchy. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012年02月, HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE, 31 (1), 55 - 77, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Various authors have suggested behavioural similarities between tool use in early hominins and chimpanzee nut cracking, where nut cracking might be interpreted as a precursor of more complex stone flaking. In this paper, we bring together and review two separate strands of research on chimpanzee and human tool use and cognitive abilities. Firstly, and in the greatest detail, we review our recent experimental work on behavioural organization and skill acquisition in nut-cracking and stone-knapping tasks, highlighting similarities and differences between the two tasks that may be informative for the interpretation of stone tools in the early archaeological record. Secondly, and more briefly, we outline a model of the comparative neuropsychology of primate tool use and discuss recent descriptive anatomical and statistical analyses of anthropoid primate brain evolution, focusing on cortico-cerebellar systems. By juxtaposing these two strands of research, we are able to identify unsolved problems that can usefully be addressed by future research in each of these two research areas.
ROYAL SOC, 2012年01月, PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 367 (1585), 59 - 74, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
研究論文(大学,研究機関等紀要)
研究論文(大学,研究機関等紀要)
As society ages and the frequency of falls increases, counteracting gait and posture decline is a challenging issue for countries of the developed world. Previous studies have shown that exercise and hazard management help to improve balance and/or decrease the risks for falling in normal aging. Motor activity based on motor-skill learning, particularly dance, can also benefit balance and decreases falls with age. Recent studies have suggested that older dancers have better balance, posture, or gait than non-dancers. Additionally, clinical or laboratory measures have shown improvements in some aspects of balance after dance interventions in elderly trainees. This study examined the impact of contemporary dance (CD) and of fall prevention (FP) programs on postural control of older adults. Posturography of quiet upright stance was performed in 41 participants aged 59-86 years before and after 4.4-month training in either CD or FP once a week. Though classical statistics cores failed to show any effect, dynamic analyses of the center-of-pressure displacements revealed significant changes after training. Specifically, practice of CD enhanced the critical time interval in diffusion analysis, and reduced recurrence and mathematical stability in recurrence quantification analysis, where as practice of FP induced or tended to induce the reverse patterns. Such effects were obtained only in the eyes open condition. We suggest that CD training based on motor improvisation favored stochastic posture inducing plasticity in motor control, while FP training based on more stereotyped behaviors did not.
FRONTIERS RES FOUND, 2011年12月, FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE, 5, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
[査読有り]
[査読有り]
Tool use can be considered a particularly useful model to understand the nature of functional actions. In 3 experiments, tool-use actions typified by stone knapping were investigated. Participants had to detach stone flakes from a flint core through a conchoidal fracture. Successful flake detachment requires controlling various functional parameters simultaneously. Accordingly, our goals were twofold: (a) to examine the regulation of kinetic energy by varying the properties of the hammers and the goal, and (b) to characterize the difference in action regulation across skill levels. All groups were able to modify their actions according to changes in task goals, but only experts displayed fine-tuning to functional parameters (i.e., regulate actions according to changes in hammer weight in a manner that left kinetic energy unchanged). Expertise is considered to depend on the identification of the interactions between functional parameters.
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, 2010年08月, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE, 36 (4), 825 - 839, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
The aim of the current study was to provide detailed data on the skill at controlling conchoidal fracture, data that may be used to help infer the processes responsible for generating the technological diversity observed in Early Stone Age sites. We conducted an experiment with modern stone knappers with different skill levels and systematically analyzed not only the products of flaking (i.e., detached flakes) but also the intentions prior to flaking, as well as the actions taken to control the shape of a flake through direct hard-hammer percussion. Only modern stone knappers with extensive knapping experience proved capable of predicting and controlling the shape of a flake, which indicated the significant difficulty of controlling the shape of flakes. Evidence was found that knowing the consequence of a strike given to a core at hand requires the acute exploration of the properties of the core and hammerstone to comply with the higher-order relationship among potential platform variables, kinetic energy of the hammerstone at impact, and flake dimension that reflects the constraints of conchoidal fracture. We argue that without this ability, controlling the shape of a flake or the organized debitage of flakes observed in some of the Early Stone Age sites may not have been possible. We further suggest that, given the difficulty and the nature of the skill, the evidence of precise control of conchoidal fracture in the Early Stone Age record may be indicative of the recurrence of a learning situation that allows the transmission of the skill, possibly through providing the opportunities for first-hand experience. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2010年08月, JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION, 59 (2), 155 - 167, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
The picture-production process by the painter is not easily studied. By obtaining
data about painters at work, this study explores the issues of how the acts of visual
exploration and trace-making manipulation are organized into a coherent act, and how
the organization evolves over time as the surface of the paper bears new meaning. On a
blank sheet of paper, two painters were asked to draw a bronze figure of a foot. Both the
picture on the paper and the movement of the painters were recorded by digital video
camera and 3D motion capture system. Using RQA strategies, the dynamical proper-
ties of the movement of the painters were quantified. It was found that the movement
of the head to shift gaze between the figure and the paper, and the movement of the
hand holding a pencil was reciprocally coupled in such a way not to be dysfunctional
to each other. Furthermore, as the surface of the paper progressively gets modified, the
coordination between the head and hand movement evolved over time reflecting the
functional demands of different phases of picture production process.
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研究論文(学術雑誌)
Using the Akachan Movie Database (Sasaki et al., 2006), a movie database of infants' niches, this article considers the issue of what is around the development of action in early childhood and its implications on behavioral flexibility and nesting of actions. A toddler's activity of repeatedly gathering toy blocks into a container, observed over the period of 10 months at home, was extracted from the database for the analysis. In the activity, 42 toy blocks, their container, and its lid-"detached objects" according to J. J. Gibson's (1979/1986) term-were around the toddler, giving a variety of meanings to the toddler's actions. Longitudinal study of the setting found that there was a range of postures employed in the activity, and the change of postures across the periods reflected the meaning of the layout of surfaces surrounding the activity. Along with the change of postural variations, the emergence of novel action coordination was observed in which an invariant spatial relationship between the detached objects and the toddler was maintained in such a way to facilitate the act. The close relation found between the meaning of the environment and behavioral flexibility and nesting of actions in the activity supports the proposition that such properties of action are the symptoms of functional coupling to the ecological resources available in a situation.
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC-TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2009年04月, ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 21 (2), 155 - 183, 英語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
乳児の動画データベース(佐々木,2008)作成のために収集されたビデオ映像を用いて,ある幼児が誕生後14ヶ月から24ヶ月まで家庭で繰り返し行ったブロック収集行為を縦断的に観察した。本研究では特に,幼児の行為の周囲にある環境の表面のレイアウトに注目することで,環境と動物の行為を切り離さずに,行為を含意する環境を記述し,環境を含意する行為を記述することが可能であることを示した。本研究の結果,床面の遊離物の配置がもたらす行為の機会を反映した幼児の柔軟な姿勢の変化が見られ,また,幼児は周囲の遊離物の配置換えを行うことによって,さらなる行為の機会を維持,獲得していたことが示された。環境の表面のレイアウトを反映する新たな行為群の創発と,それとともに生じる制約の変化に際して,幼児がブロック収集という同一の目的を柔軟に遂行していたことは,環境がもたらす制約の中で,幼児の行為群が補償的に結びつく形で選択されていたことを示唆するものと考えられる。
2009年, 発達心理学研究, 20 (2), 112 - 124, 日本語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Using video clips collected for a video encyclopedia of infancy (Sasaki, 2008), a case study was conducted on the changing processes of a toddler's behavior. Naturalistic observations were conducted of the child gathering toy blocks in a container, between the ages of 14-24 months. This investigation of the environment surrounding the toddler's behavior revealed that properties of the surface layout affected his postural variations that made possible goal-directed action of gathering blocks in a container. In addition, the boy's behavior was regulated in such a way to maintain an invariant affordance relationship between detached objects and the child. Analysis of changes in his activities indicated that that awareness of meaningful properties of the environment allowed actions to be selected among those that are afforded to flexibly deal with context-conditioned variation.
2009年, The Japanese journal of developmental psychology, 20 (2), 112 - 124, 日本語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
研究論文(学術雑誌)
Stoffregen & Bardy(2001)によって提唱されたグローバルアレー(Global array)の概念とStoffregen(2003)によるアフォーダンス論を概観し,双方の議論が一貫した主張に基づいていることを示した上で,Gibsonの理論との比較を通してその主張を批判的に考察する.グローバルアレーに関しては,アフォーダンスの様々なレベルに応じて,それを特定する情報が様々なレベルで存在すること,また,情報の存在するエネルギー配列が単数か複数かという問題設定は,直接知覚に関して本質的な問題設定ではないことを示す.アフォーダンスに関しては,相対主義的なアフォーダンスの解釈を招きかねないStoffregenの議論の問題点を指摘した上で,環境の事実としてのアフォーダンスに,より普遍性の低い行動の事実としてのアフォーダンスが入れ子になっているという新たな見方を提示する.
2004年, 生態心理学研究, 1 (1), 169 - 181, 日本語[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
[査読有り]
研究論文(学術雑誌)
研究論文(学術雑誌)
作業療法にて満足や楽しみといった肯定的な心理状態を考慮した支援を行うことが必要と考えられ,そのような心理状態を捉えた概念として「フロー理論」が挙げられる.今回,フロー理論を応用した作業療法に関する実践報告に関して文献レビューを実施した.結果として6論文が抽出され,それぞれの研究において,介入目的とした認知機能,高次脳機能のほか,フロー体験,健康関連QOLや主観的QOLの改善を認めた.今後は,作業療法/リハビリテーションにおける有効なアプローチの1つとして示されるよう,さらなる実践・研究が課題として挙げられた.
一般社団法人 日本作業療法士協会, 2022年02月15日, 作業療法, 41 (1), 13 - 20, 日本語人が目的地までの経路をナビゲートする時, 近道を発見し目的地に短距離で到着する人と,近道を発見せず回り道で到達してしまう人に分かれる. 今回の研究では, 其々のパターンに見られる視線を計測した。この計測データから, 近道を発見する人がナビゲーション中に見せる視線の動きと, 遠回りをする人がナビゲーション中に見せる視線の動きの違いを分析する.
日本生態心理学会, 2021年05月01日, 生態心理学研究, 13 (1), 45 - 47, 日本語座位獲得までの生後0か月から7か月頃までの乳児の育児記録をもとに,日常生活において,手が自発的に動いて触れた環境対象についての記述から分析し,対象と手の動きの関係について明らかにしていきたい.43 の記録を自発的に手が触れた18 種の環境の対象によって分類し,それらを5つの視点で分析した.A)姿勢;仰臥位、伏臥位、支座位に分けられた.B)環境にかかわる手の動きの開始;自ら手が向かった対象物と、他者が手に持たせたり置いたりする対象物があった.C)環境にかかわる手の動き;「触る」「握る」「振る」「開く」「移動する」「止める」が見られ,各々が組み合わさって見られる記録があった.D)手の動きにより環境に起こること; 手の行為により環境対象は「音がなる」「揺れる」「落ちる」「見える」「近づく」「ちぎれる」「はねる」「自分の感触」「無変化」という事象が起きていた.E)他者のかかわり;環境内の対象が手の動きにより変化したことに対して,直接的あるいは間接的な他者のかかわりが起こっていた.本研究の結果は,誕生直後から座位前段階までの乳児の手の動作を,環境との関係形成として記述する可能性を示唆するものである.
日本生態心理学会, 2021年05月01日, 生態心理学研究, 13 (1), 63 - 66, 日本語その他
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学術書
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口頭発表(一般)
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シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル(指名)
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公開講演,セミナー,チュートリアル,講習,講義等
ポスター発表
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シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル(指名)
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シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル(公募)
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シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル(指名)
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口頭発表(招待・特別)
日本生態心理学会
日本質的心理学会
日本心理学会
日本認知科学会
日本発達心理学会
The International Society for Ecological Psychology
The Japanese Psychological Association
The Japanese Society for Ecological Psychology
Japanese Association of Qualitative Psychology
Japanese Cognitive Science Society
Japan Society of Developmental Psychology
The International Society for Ecological Psychology
現在までに、日本国内のある保育園の0歳児クラスの昼食場面の長期にわたる縦断的な観察を行ってきた。縦断的な12名の乳児のビデオデータをもとに、スプーンを乳児が使い始めた直後の食事場面を抜き出し、(A)養育者による介助、(B)乳児のスプーン使用、(C)乳児が養育者に向ける視線、という3者の時間的関係をこれまで重点的に検討してきた。現在までの検討の結果、次の知見を得ている。 1. 養育者は皿の位置や皿の上の食物の配置を調整し、乳児が自分で食べることを可能にする卓上の機会を絶え間なく調整しており、こうした調整の直後に乳児がスプーンを食物に向ける行為が偶然より多く生起していた。 2. 乳児は食事場面では養育者の「顔」よりも「手」を見ている時間がはるかに長く、さらに養育者が卓上の調整を行っているときは他の状況よりも8倍も多く養育者の「手」を見ていることが明らかになった。 3. 食事場面で乳児が養育者の「顔」を見る状況は、「手」を見る状況とははっきりと異なっており、乳児が自分で食物をスプーンで口に運んだ直後か、食事と無関係な遊びにスプーンを用いた直後に、自分のしたことを養育者が見ていたかをチェックするかのように養育者の「顔」を見ることが偶然より多いことが示された。 本研究のこれらの結果は、食事場面で養育者の「手」に向ける視線と「顔」に向ける視線が異なる役割を担うことを示すとともに、乳児がひとりでスプーンを食事にふさわしいかたちで使うようになる過程において、(1)養育者による周囲の機会の調整と、養育者の手に乳児が向ける注意の結びつき、(2)乳児の行為に反応を示す養育者と、養育者の顔に乳児が向ける注意の結びつきという、養育者の行為と乳児の注意の間の二種類の双方向の結びつきが存在することを示すものである。
競争的資金
我々が手を動かして物体を触知する場合,同じものを触っても,触る動きに応じて無数の感覚パターンの変化が生じる.爆発的な感覚パターンの変化を生むアクティブタッチの動きがいかにして創発し,触れている対象の識別に寄与し得るのかという問いに対して,明解な答えを与えることはこれまで困難だった.本研究では,点字を学ぶ児童が点字を識別する際の指の動きの一年間の発達的変化を計測し,その時間構造を詳細に分析した.分析の結果,点字の触読能力と関連する指の動きの特徴として,点字をスキャンする指の速度のゆらぎの多重時間構造と,点字紙面に対する指の接触姿勢の不変性という2つの定量的な指標を同定することに初めて成功した.
競争的資金
ハーヴァード大学のWyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineeringに訪問研究員として滞在し、乳児の自律的な摂食(self-feeding)場面において、母親が乳児の周囲の状況をどのように調整しているのかを検討した。国際学術ジャーナルEcological Psychologyで公刊された国際共著論文、および国際学術会議にて、乳児が道具を目的に向けて使用する以前に探索的な道具使用が長期間見られること、さらにこうした非合目的的な探索的な道具使用を許容し、促すような状況を母親が周囲に作っていることを母子の共同行為の詳細な記述とともに報告した。
競争的資金
競争的資金
競争的資金
競争的資金
本研究の目的は,科学系博物館における感覚障害者(視覚・聴覚)向けの学習保障ガイドラインの体系化とその展示技法の開発,さらに具体例としての学習保障実践モデルの提案を行うことである。本研究の第2年次である2019年度の研究実績の概要は以下の通りであった。 (1)展示学習理論及び展示手法の精緻化:国際会議(CSEDU2019, EDMEDIA2019)での議論を整理し,検討するとともに,前年度における国立科学博物館等での予備的評価(ワークショップ)の結果を分析し,展示学習理論及び展示手法を整理し,ユニバーサルな展示手法の候補として漫画表現法を検討した。 (2)科学博物館等での実証実験の実施:前項で着目した漫画表現法の有効性について,豊橋市自然史博物館において,一般来館者を対象とした本格的な実証実験を実施した(2019年9月)。そこでは約150名の参加者を対象に質問紙調査,面接調査等を実施することができ,展示解説の手法としての漫画表現法の優位性を認めることができた。 (3)各大学での実証実験の実施:前項と平行して,主に神戸大学において,視線計測等の測定技術を用いた展示手法についての実験的な研究を展開した。また,筑波技術大学においても,HMD等の新しい機器やソフトウェアを利用した展示支援手法を開発し,実験的な研究を蓄積した。東京理科大では多摩美術大学と共同で,聴覚障害者用に床面投影型コンテンツの制御や非接触視線推定などの技術を開発した。視覚障害についても,筑波技術大学において,介助者との関係を再検討する試みが行われた。 (4)研究成果発表:各研究の研究成果は,国内外の学会,例えば,ICST, ICOM-Kyoto等で発表された。とくに,研究成果の中間まとめとして,日本科学教育学会年会において課題研究を開催し,代表者・分担者による6件の発表を組織し,広く学会からの外部中間評価を受けた。