TAGAWA Masahito | ![]() |
Graduate School of Engineering / Department of Mechanical Engineering | |
Associate Professor | |
Aeronautical Engineering |
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The irradiation effect on fluorinated diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) film was investigated by measuring the dose dependence of various film properties using synchrotron radiation (SR) in the soft X-rays in the SR dose region from 0 to 2000 mA h. Film flatness was maintained but various film properties and surface properties were found to be changed by the SR irradiation. Wettability of the F-DLC film surface increased dramatically within 20 mA h SR exposure, which was ascribed to the decrease in fluorine on the film surface. Film thickness, film density, composition ratio of fluorine atom in film decreased and sp(2) / (sp(2) + sp(3)) ratio of carbon atoms increased within 300 mA h SR exposure, which were ascribed to the desorption of species containing fluorine atoms. In addition, dominant desorbed species emitted from F-DLC film were found in the fluorocarbon group, CFx. Changes in film properties and film thickness did not proceed, when fluorine content in the F-DLC film decreased to about 10% after the 300 mA h SR exposure.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, Oct. 2017, DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS, 79 (1), 14 - 20, EnglishScientific journal
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A multiple-composition beam with a velocity of 8 km s(-1) was formed using a laser detonation source in order to simulate the physical and chemical effects of neutral gas collisions on a material in the sub-low earth orbit (LEO). A premixed target gas was applied in the laser detonation beam technique. It was found that atoms of different masses, O and Ar for Ar + O-2 target gas, are accelerated to similar velocities, i.e. different translational energies. Promotion of O-2 decomposition is confirmed by using a mixed gas target. It is concluded that the multiple-composition beam obtained using a mixed target gas is suitable for simulating a neutral gas environment in the sub-LEO region.
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, May 2014, PHYSICA SCRIPTA, T161 (161), English[Refereed]
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Surface structural changes of Ti-doped diamond-like carbon (Ti-DLC) film exposed to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam were investigated using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The spectral shape of the C K NEXAFS spectrum of as-deposited Ti-DLC film resembled that of DLC film. After exposure to atomic oxygen, the spectrum resembled that of TiC powder. The sp(2)/(sp(2) + sp(3)) ratio of as-deposited Ti-DLC film decreased drastically by exposure to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam. On the other hand, the spectral shape in the Ti L NEXAFS spectrum of as-deposited Ti-DLC film resembled that of TiC powder and became similar to that of TiO2 powder after exposure to atomic oxygen. These changes are ascribable to the desorption of C atoms as CO and/or CO2 from Ti-DLC film due to the irradiation of atomic oxygen beam. On the other hand, oxidized Ti was not desorbed from the Ti-DLC film. As a result, the sp(2)/(sp(2) + sp(3)) ratio of C in the Ti-DLC film decreased, because residual C atoms were bonded to Ti atoms. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, Jan. 2014, DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS, 41, 49 - 52, EnglishScientific journal
Surface structural changes of Ti-doped diamond-like carbon (Ti-DLC) film exposed to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam were investigated using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The spectral shape of the C K NEXAFS spectrum of as-deposited Ti-DLC film resembled that of DLC film. After exposure to atomic oxygen, the spectrum resembled that of TiC powder. The sp(2)/(sp(2) + sp(3)) ratio of as-deposited Ti-DLC film decreased drastically by exposure to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam. On the other hand, the spectral shape in the Ti L NEXAFS spectrum of as-deposited Ti-DLC film resembled that of TiC powder and became similar to that of TiO2 powder after exposure to atomic oxygen. These changes are ascribable to the desorption of C atoms as CO and/or CO2 from Ti-DLC film due to the irradiation of atomic oxygen beam. On the other hand, oxidized Ti was not desorbed from the Ti-DLC film. As a result, the sp(2)/(sp(2) + sp(3)) ratio of C in the Ti-DLC film decreased, because residual C atoms were bonded to Ti atoms. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, Jan. 2014, DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS, 41, 49 - 52, English[Refereed]
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An Electrodynamic tether (EDT) is an attractive propulsion device for active debris removal systems. One of the key components of the EDT system is an electron emission device, and we have studied a field emission cathode (FEC) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) because of its simplicity and potential capabilities. Since EDT systems are operated in low earth orbit (LEO), the CNTs in the FEC may be affected by atomic oxygen (AO), so the effect of AO irradiation on the FEC was studied. We conducted AO irradiation tests on FECs using laser detonation beam facilities and compared the pre- and post-irradiation electron emission characteristics. As a result, the FEC could not emit electrons when the total AO fluence of 3×1020 /cm2 was irradiated perpendicular to the emission surface. In this case, CNTs on the emitter surface disappeared by AO irradiation. When the irradiation direction was parallel to the emission surface, on the other hand, the FEC could emit electrons after the irradiation although the required voltage increased up to 1.5 times as high as that of pre-irradiation condition. This comparison indicated that the direction of AO irradiation has strong effect on the performance degradation of the FEC on orbit.
THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, 2014, Aerospace Technology Japan, 12 (29), 59 - 64, English[Refereed]
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Oxidation reaction efficiency of the embedded Si atoms in the diamond-like carbon (DLC) film was studied with a combination of the broad O-atom beam, high-speed chopper wheel and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-PES). The high-speed chopper wheel converted the translational energy distribution of O-atom into spatial distribution on the DLC surface. High spatial and energy resolutions of SR-PES allow studying the difference in oxidation states of Si atoms in different translational energies. It was confirmed that the SiO2 was formed by the high-energy collision conditions of O-atoms, whereas sub-oxides are formed with the low-energy collisions. The efficiency of SiO2 formation at 9 eV-collision is evaluated to be 4 times greater than that at 2 eV-collision.
The Surface Analysis Society of Japan, 2014, Journal of Surface Analysis, 20 (3), 221 - 225, English[Refereed]
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第10回宇宙環境シンポジウム (2013年12月2日-3日. 科学技術館), 東京形態: カラー図版あり資料番号: AA0062301011レポート番号: JAXA-SP-13-016
JAXA, Dec. 2013, 第10回宇宙環境シンポジウム, JAXA-SP (SP-13-016), 71 - 73, JapaneseResearch institution
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The basic properties of an air breathing ion engine, which uses upper atmospheric gases as a propellant, were experimentally investigated. The N-2 environment in a sub-low Earth orbit (altitude of 140-200 kin) was simulated by a laser detonation beam source, which has been previously used in studies on atomic oxygen-induced material degradation. The basic properties of the air breathing ion engine were studied using a hyperthermal N-2 beam. It is suggested that the hyperthermal N-2 molecules thermalized by scattering at the reflector surface in the air breathing ion engine. The efficiency of the collimator was experimentally investigated and the collimator was found to maintain the N-2 pressure inside the air breathing ion engine. An ion beam current of 16 mA at an acceleration voltage of 200 V provided a thrust of 0.13 mN for both hyperthermal N-2 and atomic oxygen beams. The maximum ion beam current was found to be limited by the space-charge effect. The experimental results strongly indicated the recombination of atomic oxygen into O-2 molecules inside the air breathing ion engine.
AMER INST AERONAUTICS ASTRONAUTICS, May 2013, JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER, 29 (3), 501 - 506, English[Refereed]
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The relative ionization probabilities of laser-detonation hyperthermal O, O-2, and Ar components in Ar+O-2 mixed molecular beams were evaluated for investigation of the effect of the space environment. In a high-energy beam, the complete decomposition of O-2 was observed from the time-of-flight (TOF) spectra, which was due to high-energy collisions between O-2 and Ar. Relative ionization probabilities of O and O-2 of 0.27 and 0.79, respectively, with respect to Ar were evaluated by assuming the complete decomposition of O-2 in the beam. These values can be applied in studies on the effect of the space environment in the sub-low Earth orbit region where simultaneous hyperthermal N-2 and O bombardment should be simulated. (c) 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, Mar. 2013, JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 52 (3), 038002, English[Refereed]
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Macro- and microtribological properties of the MoS(2) film exposed to atomic oxygen, ultraviolet rays and radiation both in low earth orbit (LEO) and in ground-based facility were evaluated relevance to micro/nano satellites. MoS(2) samples are exposed to LEO space environment by the space environment exposure device experiment on international space station. Laser-detonation atomic oxygen beam source was used for atomic oxygen simulation on the ground. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements suggested that electron beam and ultraviolet exposure did not affect chemical structure of MoS(2) surfaces. However, atomic oxygen-exposed and flight samples showed surface oxidation. It was found that the macroscopic friction coefficient of the flight sample was similar to that of the control sample. In contrast, remarkable increase in friction coefficient in microscopic properties was observed.
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS, Feb. 2012, TRIBOLOGY LETTERS, 45 (2), 349 - 356, English[Refereed]
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Surface structural changes of a hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film exposed to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-PES), and near-edge X-ray absorption. ne structure (NEXAFS). It was confirmed that the DLC surface was oxidized and etched by high-energy collisions of atomic oxygen. RBS and real-time mass-loss data showed a linear relationship between etching and atomic oxygen fluence. SR-PES data suggested that the oxide layer was restricted to the topmost surface of the DLC film. NEXAFS data were interpreted to mean that the sp(2) structure at the DLC surface was selectively etched by collisions with hyperthermal atomic oxygen, and an sp(3)-rich region remained at the topmost DLC surface. The formation of an sp(3)-rich layer at the DLC surface led to surface roughening and a reduced erosion yield relative to the pristine DLC surface. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Oct. 2010, APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, 256 (24), 7678 - 7683, English[Refereed]
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An analysis of the erosional properties of carbonized lignin with a Si content of 0 to 40% under the simulated atomic oxygen (AO) conditions found in low earth orbit was carried out. The AO environment was produced using a laser detonation atomic oxygen beam source. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed an increase in the atomic concentration of oxygen-related groups on the surface of the carbonized lignin with and without Si. The erosion rate was found to be low for the case of carbonized lignin with>20% Si. The Si-free sample exhibited a resistance to oxidation due to the formation of an oxide area that protected it from further AO effects on chemical bonds such as C=C bonds. The surface chemistry of the Si-free samples was similar to that of diamond-like carbon (DLC). These experimental results suggest that carbonized lignin derived from Sugi wood has the potential to be used in materials for space applications.
High Temperature Society of Japan, Aug. 2010, 高温学会誌, Vol.36, No.4, pp.185-191 (4), 185 - 191, Japanese[Refereed]
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The origin of the inconsistency in the erosion phenomena of fluorocarbon polymers between a ground-based atomic-oxygen test environment and the low Earth orbital space environment has been investigated. A detailed experiment was performed in order to study the effect of the high-energy component in the atomic-oxygen beam pulses on the erosion. The experiment was carried out with the combination of a polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalance and a high-speed chopper wheel installed in a laser-detonation atomic-oxygen facility. It was clearly observed that the mass-loss rates of both polyimide and fluorocarbon polymers depend on the impact energy of atomic oxygen. However, the energy dependence is more significant on the fluorocarbon polymer compared with that on polyimide. Collisions of atomic oxygen with translational energies higher than similar to 5 eV induce a significant mass loss on the fluorocarbon polymer. These experimental findings agree with earlier measurements of the volatile products released during hyperthermal O-atom bombardment, and they are consistent with theoretical calculations on related systems. It is concluded that the difference in the collision energy distribution of atomic oxygen between laboratory and space environments is the major reason for the difference in erosion yields measured in the two environments.
AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Jul. 2010, ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, 2 (7), 1866 - 1871, English[Refereed]
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Real-time measurement of the erosion rate of a commercially available Si-containing polyimide (BSF30) under hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) beam exposure condition, which simulates the AO environment in low Earth orbit (LEO), was performed. It was found that the erosion rate of BSF30 decreased with increasing AO fluence and it reached as low as 4% of the standard PMDA-ODA polyimide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the surface of AO-exposed BSF30 was covered by a SiO(2) layer which functioned as a protective coating. In contrast, an SiO(2) surface layer thick enough to protect bulk BSF30 was not formed by thermal AO, which was generated by vacuum ultraviolet exposure in an O(2) atmosphere. Exposure to hyperthermal AO collision in LEO can also form an SiO(2) layer which enables the surface to be self-healing and is desirable for a polyimide that would be used in LEO.
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Apr. 2010, HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS, 22 (2), 237 - 251, English[Refereed]
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Silicon containing polyimide is proposed as an atomic-oxygen (AO)-tolerant material for Low Earth Orbit flight. For this study, commercially available polysiloxane-block-polyimide film is selected for investigation. An AO beam is irradiated on the polysiloxane-block-polyimide film at the Combined Space Effects Test Facility of JAXA in Tsukuba, Japan. To investigate the AO tolerance, mass change measurement, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis are performed. Results show that the mass loss of polysiloxane-block-polyimide is one one-hundredth or less than that of Kapton (R) H: Cross-sectional TEM observation and XPS analysis reveals that the AO protective SiO(2) layer is self-organized by AO irradiation. Furthermore, the self-organized SiO(2) layer is intentionally damaged to investigate reorganization of a new layer on it. Further AO irradiation of the damaged surface revealed that the new layer is built with a 500-nm-deep eroded region. The result verifies the "self-healing" ability of polysiloxane-block-polyimide. These results suggest that polysiloxane-block-polyimide film has high potential to provide many advantages of a space-use material, especially for LEO spacecraft. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, Mar. 2010, ACTA ASTRONAUTICA, 66 (5-6), 922 - 928, English[Refereed]
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The importance of space environmental effect on material is addressed. Some examples of the material degradation in a particular space environment are introduced. In order to endorse the material properties requested in a mission, ground-based studies are quite important. However, present deficient ground-based simulation technology cannot perform the accurate assessment of the material degradation in space. On the other hand, infrastructures for the material evaluation using Kibo and International Space Station, is now established after long desire of material scientists and engineers. However, we will face difficulty for retrieve the exposed sample by the retirement of Space Shuttle. Development of new material evaluation methods using small satellite without retrieving the samples and of the accurate ground-based simulation techniques are both highly desired to achieve low-risk missions.
THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, Jun. 2009, Space Technology Japan, Vol.7, pp.Tr_2_21-Tr_2_26 (26), Tr_2_21 - Tr_2_26, English[Refereed]
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This study evaluated effects of a low earth orbit (LEO) space environment on properties of a solid lubricant used for space applications. The tested lubricant was a bonded MoS2 film with organic binder. The film was exposed to a real LEO space environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) by the Space Environment Exposure Device (SEED) experiment for about 1400 days. Additionally, it was irradiated individually with atomic oxygen (AO), ultraviolet rays (UV), and electron beam (EB) on the ground. Fluences of these factors corresponded to exposure to the LEO environment by the SEED experiment. Friction tests in vacuum and surface analyses were carried out for the samples. Tribological behavior of the different samples was measured using classical reciprocating pin-on-flat friction tests. Furthermore, XPS analysis was performed for the film surface and rubbing tracks of the samples. Results show that the friction coefficient decreased by AO irradiation at an early stage of the tests. It resembled the result of the film exposed to the real LEO environment.
THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, Jun. 2009, Space Technology Japan, Vol.7, pp.Pc_31-Pc_36 (26), Pc_31 - Pc_36, English[Refereed]
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Hyperthermal (kinetic energy of 10eV) fluorine atom beam interaction with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was studied. Surface analytical results of atomic fluorine-exposed HOPG using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the fluorine reaction was limited at the topmost HOPG(0001) layer. This is due to the fact that the kinetic energy of 10eV is not sufficient to penetrate graphite layer but is enough for breaking C-C bonds and forms CF and CF(2) functional groups through the beam-induced fluorination reactions. It was demonstrated that the use of hyperthermal energy in the range of 10eV is advantageous for damage-free modification of the topmost surface of carbon-based materials. (c) 2009 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
JAPAN SOCIETY APPLIED PHYSICS, Jun. 2009, APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS, 2 (6), English[Refereed]
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The densities of hydrogen and carbon atoms in a hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film exposed to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). The hydrogen density in DLC decreased upon atomic oxygen beam exposure with collision energy as low as 2 eV, whereas an exposure greater than 3 eV was necessary to remove carbon atoms. A high-collision energy also led to hydrogen desorption in the deeper region of DLC. The surface density of hydrogen decreased 6% by atomic oxygen exposure, and was independent of the collision energy. Additionally, the non-bonded hydrogen, which could diffuse in DLC, was desorbed by the energy transfer from the atomic oxygen collisions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Apr. 2009, APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, 255 (13-14), 6710 - 6714, English[Refereed]
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A combination of beam-surface-scattering, quartz-crystal-microbalance, and surface-recession experiments was conducted to study the effects of various combinations of O atoms [in the O((3)P) ground state], Ar atoms, and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light on fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP) Tenon and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). A laser-breakdown source was used to create hyperthermal beams containing O and O(2) or Ar. A D(2) lamp provided a source of VUV light. O atoms with 4 eV of translational energy or less did not react with a pristine FEP Tenon surface. Volatile O-containing reaction products were observed when the O-atom energy was higher than 4.5 eV, and the signal increased with the O-atom energy. Significant erosion of FEP Teflon (similar to 20 % of Kapton H) was observed when it was exposed to the hyperthermal O/O(2) beam with an average O-atom energy of 5.4 ev. FEP Teflon and PMMA that were exposed to VUV light alone exhibited much less mass loss. Collision-induced dissociation by hyperthermal Ar atoms also caused mass loss, similar in magnitude to that caused by VUV light. There were no observed synergistic effects when VUV light or Ar bombardment was combined with O/O(2) exposure. For both FEP Tenon and PMMA, the erosion yields caused by simultaneous exposure to O/O(2) and either VUV light or Ar atoms could be approximately predicted by adding the erosion yield caused by O/O(2), acting individually, to the erosion yield caused by the individual action of either VUV light or Ar atoms.
AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Mar. 2009, ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, 1 (3), 653 - 660, English[Refereed]
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Atomic oxygen concentration technology was investigated with two types of concentrators. One is a "horn-type" and the other is a "multiple ring-type" concentrator. Both of them were designed with a computer simulation using a hard-cube model. It was made clear that the primary factor for limiting the concentration factor is the gas buildup near the focal point. In the ground test using a laser-detonation source, which gave an intense atomic oxygen beam pulse, the concentration factor of 2-3, which is lower than the theoretical expectations, is obtained. However, it is suggested that the low concentration factor is due to the recombination reaction of atomic oxygen into molecular oxygen by the high peak flux in the pulsed atomic oxygen beam. The flux limit of the concentration factor is not a case in the real low Earth orbit space environment, and the multiple ring-type concentrator can be expected to achieve a concentration factor of over 40 in low Earth orbit exposure condition.
AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT, Mar. 2009, JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS, 46 (2), 226 - 229, English[Refereed]
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A combination of beam-surface-scattering, quartz-crystal-microbalance, and surface-recession experiments was conducted to study the effects of various combinations of O atoms [in the O((3)P) ground state], Ar atoms, and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light on fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP) Tenon and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). A laser-breakdown source was used to create hyperthermal beams containing O and O(2) or Ar. A D(2) lamp provided a source of VUV light. O atoms with 4 eV of translational energy or less did not react with a pristine FEP Tenon surface. Volatile O-containing reaction products were observed when the O-atom energy was higher than 4.5 eV, and the signal increased with the O-atom energy. Significant erosion of FEP Teflon (similar to 20 % of Kapton H) was observed when it was exposed to the hyperthermal O/O(2) beam with an average O-atom energy of 5.4 ev. FEP Teflon and PMMA that were exposed to VUV light alone exhibited much less mass loss. Collision-induced dissociation by hyperthermal Ar atoms also caused mass loss, similar in magnitude to that caused by VUV light. There were no observed synergistic effects when VUV light or Ar bombardment was combined with O/O(2) exposure. For both FEP Tenon and PMMA, the erosion yields caused by simultaneous exposure to O/O(2) and either VUV light or Ar atoms could be approximately predicted by adding the erosion yield caused by O/O(2), acting individually, to the erosion yield caused by the individual action of either VUV light or Ar atoms.
AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Mar. 2009, ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, 1 (3), 653 - 660, English[Refereed]
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The importance of space environmental effect on material is addressed. Some examples of the material degradation in a particular space environment are introduced. In order to endorse the material properties requested in a mission, ground-based studies are quite important. However, present deficient ground-based simulation technology cannot perform the accurate assessment of the material degradation in space. On the other hand, infrastructures for the material evaluation using Kibo and International Space Station, is now established after long desire of material scientists and engineers. However, we will face difficulty for retrieve the exposed sample by the retirement of Space Shuttle. Development of new material evaluation methods using small satellite without retrieving the samples and of the accurate ground-based simulation techniques are both highly desired to achieve low-risk missions.
THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, Jun. 2008, Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Space Technology and Sciences, CD-ROM (26), Tr_2_21 - Tr_2_26, EnglishInternational conference proceedings
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Effect of relative intensity of atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet (UV) in the synergistic effect of polyimide erosion was investigated. The relative intensity of atomic oxygen and UV was adjusted by rotating the polyimide sample at the crossover point of the beam axes of atomic oxygen and UV which crossed 90 degrees. The erosion rate of polyimide was measured by a quartz crystal microbalance. It was confirmed that the UV exposure at the atomic oxygen-exposed polyimide promoted the desorption of carbon oxides from the surface. In contrast, no mass change was detected when UV irradiated the polyimide surface without simultaneous atomic oxygen exposure. By changing the relative intensity of atomic oxygen and UV, increase in erosion rate up to 400% was observed when relative UV intensity is high. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, Jan. 2008, ACTA ASTRONAUTICA, 62 (2-3), 203 - 211, English[Refereed]
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Effect of 5 eV atomic oxygen beam exposure on the surface properties of sputter-deposited molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)) and diamond-like carbon lubrication films is experimentally evaluated with relevance to space environmental effect in low Earth orbit. X-ray photoelectron spectra indicate that the loss of sulfur and oxidation of molybdenum at the atomic oxygen-exposed MoS(2) surface are significant. Depth profiles of sulfur and molybdenum indicate that the oxidation is restricted within 3 nm from the surface. This is due to the fact that Mo oxide plays as a protective layer against further atomic oxygen attack. The surface oxidation affects the friction coefficient, however it is recovered with sliding. Due to the delamination of oxide layer, wear-life of the film is reduced dramatically by certain exposure conditions. On the other hand, no severe oxidation states of carbon atoms are detected at DLC surface from the synchrotron radiation photoemission spectra. In contrast, loss of the DLC film itself is measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. These analytical results can be explained by the oxidative gasification of carbon atoms at DLC surface. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, Dec. 2007, SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 202 (4-7), 1003 - 1010, English[Refereed]
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Metallization methods of polyimide by hyperthermal atomic oxygen and atomic fluorine beams were developed. An atomic fluorine beam with atranslational energy of 6.2 eV modified the wettability of polyimide surfaces to provide an advancing water contact angle of 132 degrees. It was confirmed that in-air storage for 2 months did not alter the hydrophobic property created by the atomic fluorine beam. This stable bearn-indUced surface fluorination technique was then applied to site-selective electroless Cu platingon polyimide. Itwas demonstrated thatchanging the exposure sequence could create both positive- and negative-type plating processes.
AMER CHEMICAL SOC, Nov. 2007, LANGMUIR, 23 (23), 11351 - 11354, English[Refereed]
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A direct oxidation reaction of Si atoms on a Si(001) surface was studied by ellipsometry and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy. In situ ellipsometry measurements when exposed to 2.7-5.0 eV O atom beams indicated that oxide growth follows a linear relationship with an O atom fluence up to an oxide thickness of 0.6-0.7 nm. In contrast, the limit of linear growth was 0.3 nm in the case of the 1.8 eV beam. These results suggest that the backbonds of Si atoms in the first layer are directly oxidized by O atom with a translational energy between 2.7 and 5.0 eV. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
AMER INST PHYSICS, Jul. 2007, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 91 (3), English[Refereed]
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Synergistic effect on atomic oxygen-induced erosion of polyethylene and polyimide with 172 nm monochromatic ultraviolet exposure was compared. The erosion of these materials was measured by a quartz crystal microbalance under 5 eV simultaneous atomic oxygen and ultraviolet exposures. The effect of simultaneous ultraviolet exposure on the atomic oxygen-induced erosion was observed at the ultraviolet intensity of 0.5-2.6 x 10(-15) mJ/atom for polyethylene. In contrast, the similar effect was observed in polyimide at the relative ultraviolet intensities one order greater than that of polyethylene. It was found that the effect of 172 nm ultraviolet was different in polyimide and polyethylene, i.e., photoinduced erosion was observed only for polyethylene. It was concluded that polyimide is less sensitive with simultaneous ultraviolet exposure during atomic oxygen bombardment, and thus evaluated as a better material for measuring atomic oxygen fluence.
AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT, Mar. 2007, JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS, 44 (2), 434 - 438, English[Refereed]
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A detailed structural analysis and dielectric property measurements of silicon nitride films fabricated using atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma were carried out, and the results were compared to those of nitride films fabricated using a radio frequency plasma. Using AP plasma, 1.8-nm-thick silicon nitride films composed of Si(3)N(3.5)O(0.7) were obtained at nitridation temperatures ranging from 25 to 500 degrees C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using a monochromatic Al K alpha source at 1486.6 eV and high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry revealed approximately 10% more nitrogen atoms corresponding to the N-Si(3) bond in the film using AP plasma than those using rf plasma. In the range of 25-500 degrees C, the nitridation temperature did not affect the leakage current densities of the films fabricated using AP plasma. Films fabricated at 25 degrees C showed leakage current density of as low as 7x10(-2) A/cm(2) at 5 MV/cm. This value was one order of magnitude lower than that using rf plasma. The direct-tunneling current simulation analysis with the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation revealed that the effective tunneling mass of holes increased due to the nitrogen atoms incorporated in the films. From deep-level transient spectroscopy, signals attributed to defects generated by plasma irradiation in the silicon substrate were not observed. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.
AMER INST PHYSICS, Oct. 2006, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 100 (7), English[Refereed]
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Feasibility of atomic oxygen concentration in low Earth orbit space environment for material testing was studied. To maximize the concentration efficiency, trajectories of the atomic oxygen reflected at the reflector surface were computer-simulated based on the Hard-Cube model, which can deal with inelastic scattering events at the solid surface. The difference in incident and exit angles was predicted to be at most 5 deg depending on the incident angle. The computational results were compared with the experimental results using a 5 eV hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam. A good correlation between the numerical and experimental, results was identified. It was experimentally demonstrated that the atomic oxygen flux could be increased six times greater than its original value with three reflective mirrors.
AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT, Sep. 2006, JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS, 43 (5), 999 - 1003, English[Refereed]
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A quantitative analysis in erosion properties of polyimide and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) under simulated low earth orbit space environment of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet was performed. An atomic oxygen environment was simulated by a laser detonation atomic oxygen beam source, whereas that of ultraviolet was made by a 172 nm-eximer light. Increase in erosion rate up to 400 % was observed on polyimide when relative ultraviolet intensity is high. In contrast, no synergistic effect was observed on FEP in tested conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that atomic oxygen did not accommodate on FEP surfaces even after atomic oxygen exposures, in contrast, increase in surface oxygen concentration was detected at the polyimide surfaces. These experimental results suggest that ultraviolet-induced desorption of reactive products, which was an origin of synergistic effect on polyimide, does not occur at the FEP surface.
High Temperature Society of Japan, 2005, 高温学会誌, Vol.31, No.5, 318-323 (5), 318 - 323, Japanese[Refereed]
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A quantitative study of the synergistic effect of 5 eV atomic oxygen and 172 nm vacuum ultraviolet radiation exposure was carried out on polyimide samples. The relative intensity of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet was adjusted by rotating the polyimide sample at the crossover point of the beam axes of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet which crossed 90degrees. The erosion rate of polyimide was calculated from the resonant frequency of the quartz crystal microbalance on which the polyimide was spin-coated. It was confirmed that the ultraviolet exposure to the atomic oxygen-exposed polyimide promoted the desorption of carbon oxides from the surface. In contrast, no mass change was detected when ultraviolet irradiated the polyimide surface without atomic oxygen exposure. By changing the relative intensity of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet, increases in erosion rates up to 400% were observed when the relative ultraviolet/atomic oxygen flux intensity reached 10(-14) mJ atom(-1).
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, Jun. 2004, HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS, 16 (2), 221 - 234, English[Refereed]
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Effects of the exposure of ultraviolet (UV) excimer light on the physicochemical surface properties of polymer films were investigated by contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The UV light at wavelength of 172 nm was exposed to polyethylene (PE), polyimide (PI), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films in ambient air. The advancing and receding contact angles of water on the unexposed and UV-exposed films were determined by the sessile drop and the Wilhelmy methods as a measure of the wettability. For the PE and PI films, remarkable decrease in the water contact angle was accomplished by the UV exposure of several or several 10 s. The XPS data showed that such increase in the wettability was attributed to the increased atomic oxygen concentration at the film surfaces. The wettability of the PTFE film did not change due to the UV exposure. When the UV-exposed PE and PI films were stored in ambient air, the increase in the water contact angle, i.e. the hydrophobic recovery, was observed over a time scale of several days. It was suggested that the gasification of the low-molecular weight oxidized materials as well as the reorientation and the migration of polymer chains in the oxidized surface layer was responsible for the hydrophobic recovery in air. The UV exposure was also attempted to the PI film being covered with a metal mesh to prepare the film having both non-exposed and UV-exposed surface regions. The differences in the advancing and receding contact angles between the both regions were observed on the continuous weight recording at constant interfacial moving velocity by the Wilhelmy method. The Wilhelmy method in combination with the UV lithography technique enabled the simultaneous evaluation of the wettabilities of the treated and untreated surfaces. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Aug. 2003, COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS, 224 (1-3), 165 - 173, English[Refereed]
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