MASUMOTO Kouhei | ![]() |
Graduate School of Human Development and Environment / Department of Human Development | |
Professor | |
Other Social Science / Natural Science Field |
Jul. 2023 日本老年社会科学会, 第65回日本老年社会科学会大会 優秀ポスター賞, 感情をコントロールする方法は年齢とともに変化するのか?:複数の感情調整方略と年齢との関連性
Jul. 2023 日本老年社会科学会, 第65回日本老年社会科学会大会 優秀ポスター賞, 高齢夫婦における健康行動の相互影響と就労時間による差異:3年間の縦断研究
Jul. 2022 日本老年社会科学会, 日本老年社会科学会第64回大会優秀ポスター賞, 人生受容に影響を及ぼす要因の検討 -加齢と文化多様性の観点からの国際比較‐
Mar. 2021 村尾育英会, 第38回 村尾育英会学術賞, 老いへの適応に関する認知心理学的研究
Nov. 2020 神戸大学大学教育推進機構, 令和2年度前期全学共通教育ベストティーチャー賞
Aug. 2019 2019年啓文堂書店新書大賞, 老いと記憶:加齢で得るもの、失うもの
Oct. 2012 神戸大学大学教育推進機構, 平成24年度前期全学共通教育ベストティーチャー賞, 現代社会論
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Summary Identifying modifiable determinants of behavior is essential for developing effective strategies to promote health behaviors among older adults. Although social networks are potentially modifiable determinants of health behaviors, their longitudinal associations have not been established in previous studies. The present study examined whether a larger social network is associated with higher dietary variety, longer time spent exercising and shorter time spent viewing TV among older adults. This is a longitudinal study. The data of 908 Japanese older adults were obtained through a three-wave questionnaire survey (Wave 1, December 2017 to January 2018; Wave 2, after 1 year; Wave 3, after 3 years) and analyzed. In each wave of the survey, dietary variety (dietary variety score), exercise time (hours per day), TV viewing time (hours per day) and social network (family and friend subscales of the Japanese version of the abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale) were measured. The present study used latent growth, cross-lagged and simultaneous effect models to investigate the longitudinal associations of family and friend social networks with dietary variety, exercise time and TV viewing time. However, these models did not show clear and robust associations. Whether social networks are determinants of health behaviors among older adults remains inconclusive.
Oxford University Press (OUP), 2023, Health Promotion International, in press[Refereed]
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Previous studies reported that consumers choose a higher number of options in subtractive framing (-OF), which delete the unnecessary options from the full model with all options chosen than in additive framing (+OF), which adds options to a simple base model. The purposes of this study are to examine the effect of age on option framing and the differences of product type on the option framing effect using two product scenarios (travel package and medical examination). Participants were 40 younger and 40 older adults. We measured the number of options chosen, total price, choice difficulty, and choice satisfaction. In addition, cognitive functions (coding, symbol search, digit span, arithmetic, and information) were assessed. Results revealed that older and younger adults chose more options in the -OF condition for both the scenarios. For the medical examination, older adults chose more options than did the younger adults in both -OF and +OF conditions. Developmental shift in goals and motivation related to life-span may explain the differences between the age differences.
Frontiers Media SA, 29 Sep. 2022, Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 998577, English[Refereed]
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OBJECTIVES: Although neighborhood is considered to be a crucial source of social network to promote health among older adults, current findings are mostly derived from observational study designs. This study examined whether participations in event-based community programs could increase neighborhood social network and whether such increase could lead to desirable changes in mental and physical health among older adults. METHOD: This study employed quasi-experimental design. A baseline questionnaire survey was sent to residents of Tsurukabuto community aged 60 years or more (n = 1769); 1,068 responded. Community events were implemented approximately once a month for three years. Then, a three-year follow-up survey questionnaire was sent to the respondents of the baseline survey. The total number of respondents in the latter survey was 662; of the total, 173 participated in the intervention. Strong and weak ties with neighbors, mental well-being (Ikigai-9), health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) were measured in the surveys. RESULTS: The path analysis revealed that intervention participation was significantly associated with changes in strong ties (standardized path coefficient = 0.12) and changes in strong ties were associated with those in Ikigai-9 scores (standardized path coefficient = 0.15). The total and indirect effects of intervention participation on Ikigai-9 scores were significant. Significant intervention effects were not observed for HRQOL and IADL scores. CONCLUSION: This study found that participation in our event-based intervention could indirectly and positively influence older adults' mental well-being through their strong ties with their neighbors.
Informa UK Limited, 02 Dec. 2021, Aging & Mental Health, 25 (12), 2235 - 2245, English, International magazine[Refereed]
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This study investigated: (a) the effect of emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) on psychological distress and well-being of couples in long-term marriages, using longitudinal data; and (b) the influence of spouses' emotion regulation on psychological outcomes in the actor-partner interdependence model. In this longitudinal study, we conducted a baseline survey and a 1-year follow-up to analyze data of 66 couples (N = 132; duration of marriage, M = 36.82 years, SD = 6.83 years; husband's age, M = 64.50 years, SD = 4.05 years; and wife's age, M = 61.39 years, SD = 4.82 years) living in Japan. Emotion regulation, psychological well-being, psychological distress, and various control variables (age, education level, duration of the marriage, and household income) were assessed. Hierarchical linear modeling with distinguishable dyads was used to determine actor-partner interdependence in the effect of emotion regulation on mental health. The actor effect was observed in both husbands and wives when baseline cognitive reappraisal was predicted to positively influence psychological well-being in the follow-up. However, this effect was not observed for expression suppression. Additionally, regarding psychological distress, there were no actor or partner effects in either reappraisal or suppression. Possible reasons for these findings, including cultural differences, are discussed in this study.
Wiley, 29 Jan. 2021, Japanese Psychological Research, 64 (3), 360 - 368, EnglishScientific journal
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Messages to promote health behavior are essential when considering health promotion, disease prevention, and healthy life expectancy. The present study aimed to examine whether (1) positive and negative goal-framing messages affect message memory and behavioral intention differently in younger, middle-aged, and older adults, (2) framing effects are mediated by interest in health (health promotion and disease prevention) and emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), and (3) mediation effects differ between positive and negative frames. Participants (N = 1248) aged 20 to 70 years were divided into positive and negative frame conditions. Framing demonstrated interactive effects on message memory; all age groups showed higher recognition accuracy in the positive than the negative frame. The accuracy of younger adults was higher than that of older adults in the negative frame, while older adults showed higher accuracy than younger adults in the positive frame. Additionally, recognition accuracy was higher in the positive frame, as participants had higher interest in health promotion and used cognitive reappraisal more frequently. Contrariwise, emotion regulation and interest in health promotion did not have significant effects on memory in negative frames. Moreover, regardless of the message valence, age did not influence behavioral intention directly but was mediated by interest in health and emotion regulation, while the older the participants were, the higher their interest in health, resulting in higher intention. For emotion regulation, intention increased with higher reappraisal scores and decreased with increasing suppression. Our results suggest that interest in health and emotion regulation should be considered when examining the relationship between age and goal-framing for health messages.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 17 Sep. 2020, PLOS ONE, 15 (9), e0238989 - e0238989, English, International magazine[Refereed]
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This study examined whether routine work time was associated with exercise time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and step counts (SC) among middle-aged and older adults. A 7-day diary survey was conducted with 158 adults, and 138 participated in the 1-year follow-up survey for measuring routine work time and exercise time. An accelerometer was used to measure MVPA and SC, and a questionnaire assessed perceived barriers and self-efficacy. Daily analyses revealed that while longer routine work time was associated with shorter exercise time after adjusting for perceived exercise barriers and exercise self-efficacy, it was associated with higher amounts of MVPA and SC. Longitudinal analysis showed that increased routine work time was associated with decreased exercise time and increased MVPA and SC. Changes in perceived barriers and self-efficacy did not mediate these associations. Actual lack of time would inhibit exercise behavior independently of perceived barriers and self-efficacy but elevates MVPA and SC.
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS, Feb. 2020, JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE, 43 (1), 44 - 56, English[Refereed]
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This study examined whether satisfaction with social interactions and the number of people interacted with during walking groups is associated with affective responses among older adults. Twenty-six older adults were asked to participate in five walking group sessions. The participants walked together for 40-50 min. In every session, the participants reported their affective responses to walking (positive engagement, tranquility, and negative affect), their level of satisfaction with the social interactions experienced, and the number of people interacted with during the walk. The available data were from 107 person-sessions. Multilevel models revealed that, although a higher number of people interacted with was not significantly associated with improvements in any affective responses, higher satisfaction with the interactions was significantly associated with improvements in positive engagement at both the within- and between-person levels. This study found that higher satisfaction with the interactions was associated with desirable affective responses among older adults.
17 Nov. 2019, Journal of aging and physical activity, 28 (2), 1 - 7, English, International magazine[Refereed]
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Ikigai, one of the indices of well-being, tends to decline with age because resources relating to ikigai decline. However, there are individual differences in this decline. This study tested for maintenance of ikigai among Japanese elderly, using a longitudinal study investigating the moderating role of social capital on the effects of changes in human capital on ikigai. We conducted a panel survey targeting 1,068 people (M age = 73.01 years) in 2013, and 686 people in 2017. The variables were ikigai, changes in human capital (self-rated financial status, physical health) and social capital (social networks, trust in others), educational level, and control variables. Multiple regression analyses revealed the interaction effects of changes in physical health and changes in social networks (strong ties, weak ties) on follow-up ikigai. Post hoc analyses indicated that declines in physical health predicted declines in ikigai among those whose social networks (strong ties and weak ties) had declined in the 4-year study, but these relationships were not significant among those whose social networks had increased. The results suggest that older adults can weaken the adverse effect of a decline in human capital on ikigai by maintaining or increasing social networks.
WILEY, Jun. 2019, ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 22 (2), 172 - 182, English[Refereed]
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This study examined the associations of time spent out of home with physical activity and sedentary behavior among middle-aged and older adults. A diary survey was conducted for 7 days with 157 adults to measure out-of-home time and working status. Time spent in sedentary behavior and levels of physical activity were measured using an accelerometer. After a year, 137 individuals from the original sample participated in a follow-up survey. From the daily analyses of 535 non-working days and 347 working days, multilevel models revealed that on non-working days, more out-of-home time was associated with less sedentary time and higher levels of physical activity at both within- and between-person levels. Longitudinal analyses of non-working days supported these results. However, on working days, similar associations were not revealed by daily or longitudinal analyses. These results suggest that increasing out-of-home time could contribute to increased physical activity and reduced sedentary behavior on non-working days.
Apr. 2019, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 42 (2), 315 - 329, English, International magazine[Refereed]
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PURPOSE: Although it has been proposed that 1 spouse's health behaviors might correlate with the other spouse's health behavior among married couples, few studies have focused on sedentary behavior. This study examined whether objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity are correlated with each other and whether attachment to one's spouse moderates such correlations among middle-aged and older married couples. METHODS: Seventy-two couples participated in the survey. This study measured time engaged in sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), step counts by an accelerometer for 7 days, and attachment to one's spouse, age, education, and frailty by questionnaires. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that the sedentary behaviors of 1 spouse statistically significantly regressed on those of the other spouse (β = .30-.47). The regressions of husbands' MVPA and step counts on those of their wives were statistically marginally significant (β = .22-.25), while the regressions of wives' MVPA and step counts on those of their husbands were not statistically significant (β = .15-.18). The interaction terms of the attachment with one's spousal accelerometer variables on those of the other spouse were not statistically significant (β = -.02 to .16). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that sedentary behaviors were correlated with each other among couples and attachment to one's spouse did not moderate these correlations. Sedentary behaviors of 1 spouse might influence the other, regardless of attachment to one's spouse. The concordance for physical activity was weaker than that for sedentary behavior.
Dec. 2018, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89 (4), 440 - 449, English, International magazine[Refereed]
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The decline in self-related memory in ASD was investigated by using encoding, forgetting, and source monitoring. Participants memorized action sentences verbally, observationally, or by enacted encoding. Then, they underwent recall, recognition, and source monitoring memory tests immediately and 1 week later. If the information were properly encoded, memory performance in the enacted encoding would be the highest (enactment effect). The result of memory tests in ASD and TD people showed that enacted encoding was superior. However, recall and source monitoring in ASD was significantly lower than in TD, which was not the case for recognition and forgetting. These results suggest that the decline in memory of self in ASD is associated with a deficit in memory reconstruction and source monitoring.
Springer New York LLC, 05 Apr. 2018, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1 - 7, English[Refereed]
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AimGoing outdoors more frequently is beneficial for maintaining and improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among older adults. However, individual differences can alter the effects of going outdoors. The present study aimed to examine whether relationships between going outdoors and HRQOL were moderated by living alone and employment status.MethodsThe present study was a secondary analysis of 14-month prospective data (n = 613). Variables used in this study were baseline data on the frequency of going outdoors, HRQOL (physical and mental component summary scores assessed using the Japanese version of the Medical Outcomes study Short Form 8-Item Health Survey), living alone, employment status, potential confounders (sex, age, educational level and instrumental activities of daily living) and follow-up data on HRQOL.ResultsMixed models showed that the interaction term of going outdoors and currently living alone on both the physical and mental component summary and that of going outdoors and current employment status on the mental component were significant. Stratified analyses showed that going outdoors more frequently predicted the physical and mental component summary among those who lived with others, and the mental component summary among those who were unemployed.ConclusionsThese results show that the influence of going outdoors on HRQOL was moderated by living alone and employment status. Going outdoors more frequently might be important for the maintenance of HRQOL, especially among unemployed older adults living with others. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 640-647.
WILEY, Apr. 2018, GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, 18 (4), 640 - 647, English[Refereed]
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AimStrengthening neighborhood social networks is important for promoting health among older adults. However, effective intervention strategies aimed at increasing older adults' social networks have not yet been established. The present study examined whether a university-led community intervention that provided communication opportunities could increase older Japanese adults' neighborhood social networks.MethodsThe present study used a quasi-experimental design. Before the intervention, using postal mail, we carried out a baseline questionnaire survey that was sent to all people living in the Tsurukabuto community aged 60 years (n = 1769), of whom 1068 responded. For the community intervention, 18 event-based programs were provided over the course of 1 year at Kobe University. Academic staff at Kobe University organized all the programs. During the program, social interactions among participants were promoted. A follow-up survey was distributed to those who responded to the baseline survey, and 710 individuals answered the question about their participation in the intervention programs (138 respondents were participants, 572 were non-participants). The neighborhood social network was measured in both the baseline and follow-up surveys.ResultsAnalysis of covariance showed that the changes in neighborhood social network among participants in the program was significantly higher than the changes among non-participants (P = 0.046) after adjusting for the baseline score of social network.ConclusionsThe present study found that participants of the intervention expanded their neighborhood social network, but non-participants did not. This finding shows that community interventions using university resources could increase older adults' neighborhood social networks. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 462-469.
WILEY, Mar. 2018, GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, 18 (3), 462 - 469, English[Refereed]
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Objective: This study examined the association between the perception of hilly environment and active transportation among older adults living in sloping land.
Methods: This study was cross-sectional. A questionnaire survey was conducted with older adults (n = 1021) residing in Tsurukabuto area in Nada-ward, Kobe-city. Among the respondents, 693 individuals (67.9%) answered the survey. In this study, data from 337 individuals aged 65 or more without serious mobility limitations and missing data were analyzed. Active transportation was measured as "transportation outside Tsurukabuto area by walking or cycling at least once a week." To evaluate participants' perception of the hilly environment, they were asked whether transportation was difficult due to the hilly neighborhood. Gender, age group, living arrangement, perceived economic status, driving status, exercise activity at least twice a week, being overweight, knee pain, and psychological distress were also examined in the questionnaire. A poisson regression analysis was performed, with active transportation as the dependent variable, and the perception of the hilly environment and other factors as the independent variables.
Results: Among the respondents, 21.2% engaged in active transportation. The poisson regression analysis revealed that those who negatively perceived the hilly environment (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.42-0.96) were less likely to engage in active transportation than those who did not negatively perceived it.
Conclusion: The present study found that the those without negative perception of the hilly environment tended to engage in active transportation among the respondents. This finding indicates that reducing negative perception of the hilly environment might influence active transportation among older adults living in sloping land.
Japanese Association of Exercise Epidemiology, 2018, Research in Exercise Epidemiology, 20 (1), 16 - 25, Japanese[Refereed]
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Objective: This study examined the association between the perception of hilly environment and active transportation among older adults living in sloping land.
Methods: This study was cross-sectional. A questionnaire survey was conducted with older adults (n = 1021) residing in Tsurukabuto area in Nada-ward, Kobe-city. Among the respondents, 693 individuals (67.9%) answered the survey. In this study, data from 337 individuals aged 65 or more without serious mobility limitations and missing data were analyzed. Active transportation was measured as "transportation outside Tsurukabuto area by walking or cycling at least once a week." To evaluate participants' perception of the hilly environment, they were asked whether transportation was difficult due to the hilly neighborhood. Gender, age group, living arrangement, perceived economic status, driving status, exercise activity at least twice a week, being overweight, knee pain, and psychological distress were also examined in the questionnaire. A poisson regression analysis was performed, with active transportation as the dependent variable, and the perception of the hilly environment and other factors as the independent variables.
Results: Among the respondents, 21.2% engaged in active transportation. The poisson regression analysis revealed that those who negatively perceived the hilly environment (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.42-0.96) were less likely to engage in active transportation than those who did not negatively perceived it.
Conclusion: The present study found that the those without negative perception of the hilly environment tended to engage in active transportation among the respondents. This finding indicates that reducing negative perception of the hilly environment might influence active transportation among older adults living in sloping land.
Japanese Association of Exercise Epidemiology, 2018, Research in Exercise Epidemiology, 20 (1), 16 - 25, Japanese[Refereed]
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Purpose: This study examined whether the associations between exercise social support and exercise behavior were different by extraversion.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a mailed survey was completed by 78 middle-aged and older married couples (n=158) who were randomly sampled from the residential registries of Chuo Ward in Kobe city, Takasago city, Miki city, and Shiso city. Exercise time was measured with a diary and moderate-to-vigorous walking time and step counts were measured with an accelerometer, and then they were treated as exercise behavior variables. Exercise social support, extraversion, and basic factors (gender, age, educational background, frailty, and employment status) were measured with a questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data, with exercise behavior variables as the dependent outcomes.
Results: Among all participants, the interaction between exercise social support and extraversion significantly regressed on exercise time (β=0.16, p=0.04), moderate-to-vigorous walking time (β=0.16, p=0.04), and step counts (β=0.16, p=0.03). When the sample was stratified by extraversion, exercise social support significantly regressed on exercise time (β=0.32, p=0.03), moderate-to-vigorous walking time (β=0.28, p=0.03), and step counts (β=0.27, p=0.04) among the high-extraversion group. However, exercise social support did not significantly regress on exercise behavior variables among low- and middle-extraversion groups.
Conclusions: Exercise social support was positively associated with exercise behavior only among highly extraverted people. Exercise social support may have a desirable influence on exercise behavior among extraverted people, but a limited influence on introverted people.
JAPANESE SOCIETY OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION, Nov. 2017, 日本健康教育学会誌, 25 (4), 258 - 268, Japanese[Refereed]
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Aim: A number of interventions have been undertaken to develop and promote social networks among community dwelling older adults. However it has been difficult to examine the effects of these interventions, because of problems in assessing interactions. The present study was designed to quantitatively measure and visualize face-to-face interactions among elderly participants in an exercise program. We also examined relationships among interactional variables, personality and interest in community involvement, including interactions with the local community. Methods: Older adults living in the same community were recruited to participate in an exercise program that consisted of tour sessions. We collected data on face-to-face interactions of the participants by using a wearable sensor technology device. Results: Network analysis identified the communication networks of participants in the exercise program, as well as changes in these networks. Additionally, there were significant correlations between the number of people involved in face-to-face interactions and changes in both interest in community involvement and interactions with local community residents, as well as personality traits, including agreeableness. Conclusions: Social networks in the community are essential for solving problems caused by the aging society. We showed the possible applications of face-to-face interactional data for identifying core participants having many interactions, and isolated participants having only a few interactions within the community. Such data would be useful for carrying out efficient interventions for increasing participants' involvement with their community.
WILEY, Oct. 2017, GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, 17 (10), 1752 - 1758, English[Refereed]
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In attempting to memorize a sentence about an action, such as "Pick up the glass," performing the action (motor encoding) results in better memory performance than simply memorizing the words (verbal encoding). Such enhancement of memory is known as the enactment effect. Several theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon using concepts such as physical motor information associated with speed, form, amplitude of movement and/or movement representations involved in movement imaging, knowledge on manipulating tools, and spatial relationships in the enactment effect. However, there have been no cognitive neuropsychological studies investigating whether the enactment effect is crucially influenced by physical motor information or movement representations. To clarify this issue, we compared healthy adult control participants with two different types of apraxia patients. One patient with left hemisphere lesions caused by cerebral infarction had a disability involving multiple movement representations. The other patient showed symptoms of corticobasal syndrome and was not able to benefit from feedback on the accuracy of her motor movements during enactment. Participants memorized action sentences via either verbal or motor encoding and responded to recall and recognition tests. Results indicated that the patient with the movement representation deficits exhibited worse memory performance than the other patient or control participants following both verbal and motor encoding. Although the enactment effect was present during recall in both patients, the effect was not observed for recognition in the patient with severe movement representation deficits. These results suggest that movement representations are involved in encoding episodic memories of action. Moreover, the role of movement representations appears to depend on the form of retrieval that is being used.
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, May 2015, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 37 (5), 471 - 482, English[Refereed]
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This study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine the latency of modality-specific reactivation in the visual and auditory cortices during a recognition task to determine the effects of reactivation on episodic memory retrieval. Nine right-handed healthy young adults participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of a word-encoding phase and two recognition phases. Three encoding conditions were included: encoding words alone (word-only) and encoding words presented with either related pictures (visual) or related sounds (auditory). The recognition task was conducted in the MEG scanner 15 min after the completion of the encoding phase. After the recognition test, a source-recognition task was given, in which participants were required to choose whether each recognition word was not presented or was presented with which information during the encoding phase. Word recognition in the auditory condition was higher than that in the word-only condition. Confidence-of-recognition scores (d') and the source-recognition test showed superior performance in both the visual and the auditory conditions compared with the word-only condition. An equivalent current dipoles analysis of MEG data indicated that higher equivalent current dipole amplitudes in the right fusiform gyrus occurred during the visual condition and in the superior temporal auditory cortices during the auditory condition, both 450-550ms after onset of the recognition stimuli. Results suggest that reactivation of visual and auditory brain regions during recognition binds language with modality-specific information and that reactivation enhances confidence in one's recognition Copyright (C) 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, Apr. 2015, NEUROREPORT, 26 (6), 303 - 308, English[Refereed]
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This study investigated the impaired self-awareness (ISA) of memory deficit in 63 brain injury patients with amnesia. The purpose of this study was (a) to elucidate the relation between degree of ISA and memory deficit measured by several neuropsychological memory tests, (b) to examine the relation between degree of ISA and the post-injury duration, and (c) to investigate the influence of ISA on independent behaviors and occupational outcomes. We measured ISA by using discrepancy methods, which is the difference of the evaluated frequency of the patient's memory problems in daily living as judged by the patients themselves and by their family caregivers. The results showed that the patients underestimated their memory problems more than their caregivers did. Regarding the relationship of ISA and neuropsychological memory tests, performance involving orientation, delayed recall of a story, and abstract figures (Rey Complex Figure Test) were related. Moreover, the degree of ISA influenced independent behavior and occupational outcomes. However, the duration from post-injury did not influence the degree of ISA. These results indicate that not only an approach to enhance neuropsychological memory functions but also an approach to develop an appropriate self-awareness of memory deficit is important for independent living and social reintegration.
Dec. 2012, Shinrigaku Kenkyu, 83 (5), 409 - 418, Japanese[Refereed]
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Previous studies comparing prospective memory between the elderly and young adults have shown that elderly adults perform better in naturalistic settings, while young adults perform better in laboratory settings. The purpose of this study was to examine what factors influence prospective memory in naturalistic settings, and we specifically focused on age, the complexity of the prospective memory task, self-evaluation and knowledge of memory function, retrospective memory, external memory aids, and internal memory strategies as potential influential factors. Eighty-six healthy, elderly participants were enrolled (44 women and 42 men, mean age = 68.56 years, SD = 4.53). The results showed that the use of external memory aids increased in complex prospective memory tasks that depended on output monitoring, while other factors did not influence prospective memory performance. These results suggest that elderly adults can perform tasks adequately by using external memory aids that compensate for age-related memory declines in naturalistic settings.
WILEY, Apr. 2011, JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 53 (1), 30 - 41, English[Refereed]
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When attempting to memorize action sentences (e.g., open an umbrella), performing the action of the sentence (enacted encoding) results in better memory performance than simply memorizing the sentences (verbal encoding). This memory enhancement is called the enactment effect. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to elucidate whether the enactment effect is due to physical motor information or whether movement representation is the critical factor in the enactment effect. Physical motor information, which is implicated in the primary motor cortex, represents the speed, form, and kinematic sense of a movement, while movement representation indicates semantic and conceptual information such as movement formulae, movement ideas, and movement imagery, which are especially associated with the parietal cortex. We measured activities within the motor region and parietal cortex during a recognition test and compared activities during recognition with enacted and verbal encoding condition. The results showed that recognition performance was better for enacted encoding. The MEG data indicated that the left primary motor cortex with enacted encoding condition was activated in all subjects, though with verbal encoding condition, this activation appeared in only one subject. These activities were observed between 150 and 250 ms after recognition stimuli onset and were transmitted into the left parietal cortex. Moreover, activities in the right parietal cortex following enacted encoding were greater than those following verbal encoding, and the activities appeared 600-700 ms after onset of the recognition stimuli. These results suggest that the enactment effect occurs by the reactivation of the physical motor information and that this information facilitates activities related to movement representation.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Jul. 2006, BRAIN RESEARCH, 1101, 102 - 109, English[Refereed]
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This study assessed whether verbal encoding and motoric encoding have different effects on the forgetting function for action sentences of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Subjects were 13 healthy elderly adults and 10 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Three tasks were used: verbal tasks, subject-performed tasks, observed tasks. On the verbal tasks, subjects only heard the action sentences as read to them. On the subject-performed tasks, subjects heard, then performed each action sentence. On the observed tasks, subjects heard the action sentences read while observing the object mentioned in each action sentence. After presentation of each task, subjects conducted immediate and 30-min. delayed recall tests, and then a recognition test. Analysis indicated recall performance for subject-performed tasks was significantly better than that for verbal tasks and observed tasks at both immediate and delayed recall in each group. On the recognition test, carrying out the action had no effect, but for both groups recognition was enhanced by observing the object. Elderly adults performed significantly better than patients on all tasks of recall and recognition. However, the results indicate that patients with Alzheimer's disease can use multimodal resources from motoric encoding even if time passes.
PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS, Feb. 2004, PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS, 98 (1), 299 - 306, English[Refereed]
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感覚情報の再活性化とは、符号化時に活動した感覚情報を処理する脳部位が、感覚情報が呈示されない検索時にも活動する現象をさす。これまで聴覚情報と視覚情報を伴った記憶の検索時には、それぞれ聴覚野と紡錘状回で再活性化がみられることが報告されている。しかしながら、再活性化が検索プロセスのどの段階で起こるのかについてはほとんど検討されていない。そこで本研究では、時間分解能に優れた脳磁図を用い、再活性化の時間的ダイナミクスを検討した。9名の右利き健常若年者を対象とし、単語と単語に関連する音を対呈示する聴覚条件、単語と単語を描写する写真を対呈示する視覚条件、単語のみを呈示する文字条件の3条件で単語の記銘を求め、音や写真を呈示しない単語の再認課題時の脳活動を計測し、条件間で比較した。その結果、聴覚条件では左の聴覚野に、視覚条件では右の紡錘状回に再認単語呈示後約450-550msの潜時で再活性化がみられた。
The Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology, 2007, Proceedings of the Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology, 2007 (0), 47 - 47, Japanese[Refereed]
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日本認知心理学会
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN
JAPAN SOCIO-GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY
JAPANESE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY
JAPAN SOCIETY DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
THE JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
平成30年度は本研究の初年度として以下の事項に取り組んだ。 (1)展示学習理論構築:文献・資料の収集とデータベース整理および先進事例の実地調査:科学教育学関連や博物館学関連,ユニバーサルデザインの領域の図書・学術論文を収集,レビューし,本研究の基盤となる科学教育の観点から見た展示方法・展示学習及びコンテンツのためのユニバーサルな観点からの理論的枠組の検討を行なった。関連図書や学術論文に関する研究資料は,データベース化し,基礎資料の有効活用できるものにした。この観点からの業績は,江草(2018)を挙げることができる。また,先駆的な取り組みを行っている国内及び諸外国の研究機関・博物館を訪問し,文献資料や関係者のインタビュー資料を収集した。なお,本年度は,ドイツ・ベルリンの博物館群にける現地調査を実施した。 (2)国立科学博物館等での予備調査:平成30年秋から冬にかけて,国立科学博物館における盲ろう者向けワークショップや聴覚障害者向けのデザインワークショップ,筑波技術大における実験的研究などからのデータを収集し,課題の整理と新しいガイドラインの探索及び学習保障方法の方向性について検討した。この調査結果は,2019年度のICOM-Kyotoで発表予定である。 (3)学習保障ガイドラインの暫定的な策定及び展示手法の技術開発:(1)(2)に基づいて,国立科学博物館等における科学教育に固有な学習のための暫定的な展示手法とそのプロトタイプを開発した。評価は現在取り組んでいる。 (4)研究成果発表・中間まとめ:以上の成果の一部は,日本科学教育学会第42回年会(信州大学),日本科学教育学会研究会、ヒューマンインタフェース学会研究会等において発表した。また,国際誌にも1編受理刊行されている。さらに,年度内には,国際会議向け(EdMedia2019,ESERA2019など)の論文を作成し,投稿し,採択されている。
この研究課題では,高齢者の学習について,認知的制御,感情,動機づけの視点からその機制の解明し,支援の可能性を検討することを目的としている.3年目は,「感情制御の認知的機構の検討」班ではこれまでに実施してきた「新奇な情報に対する好奇心における加齢変化」と学習の関係性について,行動実験によりさらに追究しつつ,その行動と神経活動との関係性に関する理論的枠組を提示する論文を公刊した. 一方,「動機づけと認知的制御」班においては,昨年度までの認知的熟慮性課題(Cognitive Reflection Test:CRT)を用いた課題において,高齢者においては意味的関係性の高低による認知過程の変化の可能性が示唆されたため,今年度新たに,階層構造の学習課題の加齢比較を行う中で,内容熟知性の効果を検討した.その結果,人工物が内在する構造獲得・利用には大きな加齢効果が存在するが,そこに表示される内容に対する熟知度が高い場合には若年成人に近い課題達成が得られることが,情報探索課題やカテゴリ分類課題の他,課題日関連項目に関する記憶課題においても観られることが示された.既有関連知識がどのようにして,新しい情報に対する認知的制御に影響を与えうるのか,今後機能モデル化とその実証が必要と考えられる. さらに「動機づけと認知的制御」班では,高齢者にとっての学習を支援する資源としての若年の他者との相互作用について検討を始め,意思決定課題とそれに基づく学習,高機能人工物の利用学習における共同利用がもたらす効果,さらに家電製品の継続的利用状況分析から同居家族成員間のもたらす効果など,複数の観察データに基づき検証を続けている. なお,「感情制御の認知的機構の検討」班は主たる研究分担者が1年間在外研究のため,今年度は大きな研究の進展はなかった.
今年度の研究実績は,次の通りである.(1)全体会議:研究代表者の総括のもとに,全体会議を開催した.代表者と分担者の定常的な連絡・協議については遠隔会議システムやSkype等を利用して行ったが,重要な局面では対面会議を開催した.(2)文献資料・関連事例の収集・データベース化:高度専門職業人の認知的特性に関する文献資料や国内外の関連事例を収集・データベース化した.(3)文献資料・関連事例の分析:収集・データベース化した文献資料・関連事例を対象として,熟練教師の認知的特性,初任者教師の認知的特性,理科の教師教育,職場における実践知識・技能の伝承等の視点から分析した.(4)理科授業実践知識・技能の伝承メカニズムを解明するための理論の精緻化:文献資料・関連事例の分析結果を統合して,理科授業実践知識・技能の伝承メカニズムを解明するための理論モデルの精緻化を行った.(5)理科授業実践知識・技能の伝承を支援するための方法論の精緻化:文献資料・関連事例の分析結果と理論モデルの成果を統合して,理科授業実践知識・技能の伝承を支援するための方法論の精緻化を行った.(6)研究成果発表:研究成果発表については,日本理科教育学会全国大会において成果を発表した.研究成果を整理・体系化して, Electronic Proceedings of the ESERA 2017 Conferenceの審査付き論文,日本科学教育学会の学会誌『科学教育研究』の審査付き研究論文として公表した.また,2019 KASE International Conferenceの招待講演において,研究成果の一部を公表した.
本研究では,高齢期の意思決定に関する先端的な研究を実施しているスタンフォード大学長寿センターと連携し,相互独立を背景とし自己決定を尊重するアメリカと,相互協調的な判断を重視する日本の高齢期の意思決定を比較することを目的とする。これにより,文化的価値観の違いが高齢期の意思決定プロセスと選択後の後悔や満足度に及ぼす影響を明らかにし,多様な価値基準に応じた意思決定支援方法の確立を目指す。 2018年度はスタンフォード大学長寿センターに客員研究員として滞在した。受け入れ研究者であるProf. Carstensenは残された時間(余命)に対する認識が行動や選択に影響する社会情動的選択性理論を提唱し,高齢者が感情調整に動機付けられ,感情的満足を得るための行動や意思決定をすることを明らかにしてきた。 意思決定は直感的・感情的な処理と熟考的・理性的な処理が関与しているが,直感的・感情的なプロセスには文化差があることが知られている。例えば,アジア圏では穏やかな感情状態が重視されるが,欧米とくにアメリカでは覚醒度の高いポジティブな感情状態が重視される。しかしがなら,このような文化による違いが高齢期でもみられるのかは検討されていない。 また,重視される感情状態だけでなく,感情をコントロールする方法にも文化差があり,感情のコントロールにどのような方法を用いるかが,意思決定プロセスにも影響することが最近の研究より明らかになってきた。 2018年度は,意思決定時の感情プロセスにおける文化差に加齢が及ぼす影響を検討するための実験・調査方法を協議し,測定すべき変数の選定をおこなった。また,日本において意思決定と感情調整についての夫婦ペアデータの収集をおこなった。平成31年度にはアメリカにおいて調査を実施する予定である。
Many developed countries are faced with the rapid aging of their populations and as a result, they have encountered severe problems. Mutual support and cooperation in neighborhoods and communities are essential for solving these problems. However, effective intervention strategies aimed at increasing older adults’ social networks have not yet been established. The present study examined whether a university-led community intervention that provided communication opportunities could increase older Japanese adults’ neighborhood social networks. The present study found that participants of the intervention expanded their neighborhood social network, but non-participants did not. Additionally, we successfully measured face-to-face interactions by using wearable sensors, and identified conditions and changes in communication networks, and we developed a method of statistical testing to evaluate a program to promote communication among residents.
The purpose of this research is to clarify the characteristics of decision-making biases in elderly people and to find methods of decision-making support that are suitable for elderly people. We conducted research on age-based changes in cognitive biases (such as framing, anchoring effects, sunk-cost fallacy, and so on) in daily decision making in the elderly, as well as satisfaction and regret about choices (e.g., surrogated decision making among the families of dementia patients.). These research showed that the decision of the elderly adults is not necessarily inferior to the young adults. For example, elderly adults make decisions that emphasize positive information. Therefore, the tendency of loss aversion is smaller than younger adults, which leads to rational judgment of elderly adults.
Many developed countries are faced with the rapid aging of their populations and as a result, they have encountered sever problems. For example, in Japan, which has the most rapidly aging society in the world, the number of households consisting only of elderly couples, and households with elderly people living alone have increased annually. The number of elderly people dying alone , as well as requests to search for missing persons that have disappeared, possible due to dementia-related wandering have increased to approximately 10,000 people annually. Moreover, problems in responding to elderly people facing emergencies have been focused in recent years. Mutual support and cooperation in neighborhoods, and communities are essential for solving these problems and for allowing elderly people to live free from worry. In this study, we developed and conducted programs to enhance the interest in community involvement and promote social networks among community-dwelling people.
Several researches have reported that it is difficult for elderly to evaluate appropriately their memory ability and memory performance. There is a possibility that their dissociation between self-evaluation of memory (metamemory) and memory performance causes memory problems of their daily life, because it disturbs spontaneous copying for their memory decline. In this research, in order to explore the factors that influence accuracy of metamemory for elderly, we conducted two cross-sectional and one longitudinal experiments. These experiments showed that 1) the problems of self-evaluation on occurrence frequency of memory in daily living for elderly was same level of evaluation for young adult, 2) metamemory of elderly did not reflect the memory decline with age, and 3) depression was the most influential factor in the accuracy of metamemory among their cognitive performances and degree of memory decline with age.
Inappropriate self-awareness of memory performance(meta-memory), as well as memory loss due to aging, causes the memory problems of dailylife in elderly adults. In this study, we conducted two experiments to elucidate the following two points, 1) to examine whether elderly adults can predict their memory performanceproperly, and what factors influence the accuracy of their predictions. 2) to examine whether their meta-memory influence to using the remainder tool of cell-phone. The experiment 1 revealed that elderly adults could not predict their memory performance property, especiallythe memory monitoring in elderly adults with high depression was significantly inaccurate. The experiment 2 showed that their anxiety and confidence to memory did not influence tousing the reminder tool of cell phone. We discussed about the need to approach to their meta-memory to improve the memory problems in daily life.
高齢者のQOL支援のために、1)高齢者が認知した身体能力と実際の身体能力のズレに関する研究2)高齢者の潜在的及び顕在的自己概念に関する実験的研究3)高齢者のし忘れに関する研究4)高齢者の受療行動の適正化に関する意思決定の研究の4つの視点での調査・実験を行い、支援策に対する新たな知見を得ることが出来た。
背景と目的 本年度の研究では、国内外ではじめて、快・不快といった情動を喚起する視覚刺激を用い、視覚情報の再活性化に情動が及ぼす影響を検討するとともに、長期記憶の検索プロセスにそれらがどのように関与しているのかを明らかにすることを目的とした。 方法 実験では、120個の記銘単語とその単語を表す画像を刺激として用いた。120の画像のうち40個は快な情動を喚起し(快条件)、40個は不快(不快条件)、残りの40は感情を喚起しないニュートラルな画像(ニュートラル条件)であった。被験者は単語と画像を記銘することが求められ、記銘してから1週間後に、単語の再生、及び再認課題を実施し、その際の脳活動をMEGを用いて計測した。 結果及び考察 実験の結果、行動指標では、ニュートラル条件と比較し、情動を伴う快条件、不快条件の記憶成績が優れていた。MEGデータの分析を行った結果、紡錘状回、及び前頭葉で情動を伴う条件においてニュートラル条件と比較し、強い活動がみられた。また、紡錘状回の活動は前頭葉の活動よりも先に見られた。この結果は、情動が視覚情報の再活性化を強め、その結果、記憶の検索を容易にしている可能性を示唆している。
fMRIやPETよりも時間分解能が優れ、またEEGよりも空間分解能が優れているMEGを用い、健常者8名を被験者として実演条件と言語条件の再認時の脳神経活動の比較を行った。MEGを用いた実演効果に関する研究はこれまで報告されていない。この実験の目的は、1)実演条件において運動感覚情報の再活性化がみられるのか、また、条件間で活動部位に違いがあるのかを検討する、2)運動感覚情報の再活性化や条件間での活動部位の差がみられたなら、それらの神経活動が再認刺激呈示後、どの時点で発生するのかを明らかにする、3)実演条件と言語条件それぞれの大脳皮質におけるニューラルネットワークモデルを作成する、の3つであった。 実験の結果、実演条件の再認成績は言語条件よりも有意に高く、再認反応時間は実演条件のほうが言語条件よりも有意に短かった。MEGデータについては、左一次運動野(BA(Broadman's Area)4)に実演条件で言語条件よりも大きな神経活動が推定された。この結果は、符号化された運動感覚情報が検索時に再活性化していることを裏付けている。また運動感覚情報の再活性化は、再認刺激呈示後170-250msという早い段階でみられ、その神経活動は行為の時間的・空間的特徴の処理を担う左頭頂葉に伝播していた。さらに実演条件では、右頭頂皮質(BA7,BA40)、右後頭-側頭境界領域(BA37)に言語条件より大きな神経活動が確認された。これまでに頭頂葉後方のBA7は動作のイメージと、右後頭-側頭境界領域(BA37)は道具のイメージとの関連が指摘されており、右の頭頂葉下部(縁上回;BA40)は視空間注意との関連が指摘されている。したがって本実験の結果から、実演条件では言語条件と比較し検索時に内的視空間処理が行われていることが示唆された。一方、言語条件では、言語の意味的処理と関連している左前前頭皮質下部(ブローカ領域;BA44,45)に実演条件よりも大きな神経活動が確認された。これらの結果は、実演効果には運動感覚情報が関係していること、また実演条件の検索は非言語的処理に依存しており、言語条件の検索は実演条件よりも意味的処理に依存していることを示している。そして本実験から、実演効果の生起には運動感覚情報の処理、道具と動作の内的視空間処理、行為文の意味的処理が関与していることが明らかになった。
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