TAKENO Hiromasa | ![]() |
Graduate School of Engineering / Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering | |
Professor | |
Other Natural Science Field |
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The characteristics of the gas pressure measurement with the ASDEX type fast ionization gauge (AIG) in the mixture of Hydrogen and Helium is studied in this research. The calibration test stand capable of reproducing the mixture gas environment is assembled and used for the experimental calibration of the ionization gauge. In the experiment, the sensitivity of the AIG against pure hydrogen and pure helium is evaluated in order to eliminate the effect of individual differences among the AIG sensors. The mixture ratio of He in the test stand chamber is controlled from 3% to 15% to simulate the environment in divertor regions of fusion reactors. In the mixture gas, enhancement of the gauge sensitivity around 13% was observed. The enhancement of ionization due to the Penning Transferrer reactions, between the hydrogen atom and the metastable-helium atom is considered to be the main cause of the sensitivity change. Also it is found that the degree of enhancement of the AIG sensitivity can be changed drastically due to the condition of the AIG sensor. The monitoring or predicting the population of metastable-helium atoms will be important for the measurement of the mixture gas pressures. (C) 2019 The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research
Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, Jul. 2019, Plasma and Fusion Research, 14 (0), 3405124, English[Refereed]
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The sensitivity of the ASDEX type ionization gauge (AIG) in the mixture of argon and hydrogen gas, which is a candidate of radiator gas in the radiative divertor, is studied. In a small vacuum chamber, the sensitivity of the AIG is calibrated against capacitance-manometers, which have constant sensitivity for all gas species. Increase of the output signal AIG was observed in the mixture of 25% Ar and 75% H-2, although the actual sensitivity of the gauge against gas pressure is degraded. In the gas pressure larger than 0.8 Pa, the degradation of the sensitivity will be the main concern of the measurements. The results indicated that the molecular ions produced by the collision between the metastable argon atom and hydrogen molecule is the main cause of the change of the sensitivity. The change of sensitivity is analyzed by varying the collision energy of the electrons and the ionization cross-section of the ArH molecular ion is evaluated. (C) 2019 The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research
The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2019, Plasma and Fusion Research, 14, 2405029 - 2405029, English[Refereed]
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Sensitivity of the ASDEX type fast ionization gauge (AIG) to several species of gases; hydrogen, nitrogen, noble gases and their mixtures have been investigated. Mixtures of hydrogen-helium and hydrogen-argon with total gas pressure from 0.2 Pa to 1.5 Pa are investigated in order to simulate the environment of divertor regions. It has been found that the observed output current of AIG in mixed gases are larger than the theoretical output current evaluated from the partial pressures and the sensitivities for pure gases. The enhancement of the AIG sensitivity observed in mixed gas conditions suggests that the ionization is enhanced due to the mixing of different gases. A qualitative analysis on the ionization reactions and their cross-sections has indicated that ionization related with metastable atoms of helium or argon is causing the changes in AIG sensitivity. (C) 2018 The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research
JAPAN SOC PLASMA SCIENCE & NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH, Apr. 2018, Plasma and Fusion Research, 13, 3405029, English[Refereed]
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– In recent years, the power conversion capability of grid-connected power supplies using the photovoltaic generation system have been introduced rapidly. The power conditioning system (PCS) of PV generation system operates the reactive and active power flow control in accordance with the line voltage regulation level. The reactive power flow control by using the PCS and/or SVC can effectively decrease the line voltage level, however, the voltage imbalance of high voltage distributed line become the cause that results simultaneously.
This paper describes the novel power flow controller which is installed near by the pole transformer, to maintain the voltage level the grid-connected distribution line and the voltage imbalance compensation at the high voltage distribution line. Simulation results using the Matlab/Simulink are demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed power flow converter system.
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Traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) was proposed as an efficient energy recovery device for fast protons produced by D-3He fusion reaction. The application of TWDEC to fusion propulsion system was also studied, and its significant subject was miniaturization of the device. In TWDEC, there is a trade-off between device size and efficiency, and an employment of a decelerator of constant deceleration scheme is promising to realize miniaturization. The paper experimentally examines one of the working characteristics of the constant deceleration scheme by using a relative phase control method called active decelerator. The results of the experiment and corresponding numerical orbit calculation are consistent with the theory of the constant deceleration scheme.
THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, Sep. 2016, Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan, 14 (ists30), Pb_105 - Pb_109, English[Refereed]
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In D-3He fusion power generation, an application of direct energy conversion is expected in which separation of charged particles is necessary. A cusp-type direct energy converter (CuspDEC) was proposed as a charge separation device, but its performance was degraded for a high density plasma. The goal of the present study is to establish an additional method to assist charge separation by using a nonlinear effect of a radio frequency (rf) electric field. Following to the previous study, we experimentally examine the effect of an rf field to electron motion in a CuspDEC device. Two ring electrodes were newly installed in a CuspDEC simulator and the current flowing into the electron collector located in the line cusp region was measured on an rf field application. The significant variation in the current was found, and an improvement of the charge separation can be expected by using the phenomenon appropriately.
Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2016, Plasma and Fusion Research, 11 (1), 2405028 - 2405028, English[Refereed]
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In D-3He fusion, most of fusion energy is carried by created protons as kinetic energy, so direct energy conversion can be applied. A traveling wave direct energy converter was proposed as an energy recovering system for these protons, which was composed of a modulator and a decelerator. The axial position of the decelerator is one of the important device parameters for both energy conversion efficiency and device size. The best position for conversion efficiency was considered to be the bunching position at which proton density is the highest, but it was not examined well. In this study, we investigated the dependence of deceleration efficiency on the axial position of the decelerator by using simulation experiments and numerical calculations. The results show that the bunching position is not necessarily the optimum one for conversion efficiency.
Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2016, Plasma and Fusion Research, 11 (1), 2405013 - 2405013, English[Refereed]
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As an energy recovery device for fast protons produced in D-3He nuclear fusion, secondary electron (SE) direct energy converter (SEDEC) was proposed in addition to traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC). Some protons passing through a TWDEC come into an SEDEC, where protons penetrate to a number of foil electrodes and emitted SEs are recovered. Following to a development of SE orbit control by magnetic field, dependence on incident angle of protons was examined to optimize structure of SEDEC. Based on a theoretical expectation, experiments were performed by changing incident angle of protons and variation in emission and energy recovery were measured. Both emission and energy recovery increased as the angle increased, and differences with theoretical expectation are discussed.
Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2016, Plasma and Fusion Research, 11 (1), 2405029, English[Refereed]
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In D-3He fusion power generation, an application of direct energy conversion is expected in which separation of charged particles is necessary. A cusp-type direct energy converter (CuspDEC) was proposed as a charge separation device, but its performance was degraded for a high density plasma. The goal of the present study is to establish an additional method to assist charge separation by using a nonlinear effect of a radio frequency (rf) electric field. Following to the previous study, we experimentally examine the effect of an rf field to electron motion in a CuspDEC device. Two ring electrodes were newly installed in a CuspDEC simulator and the current flowing into the electron collector located in the line cusp region was measured on an rf field application. The significant variation in the current was found, and an improvement of the charge separation can be expected by using the phenomenon appropriately.
Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2016, Plasma and Fusion Research, 11 (1), 2405028, English[Refereed]
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In D-3He fusion, most of fusion energy is carried by created protons as kinetic energy, so direct energy conversion can be applied. A traveling wave direct energy converter was proposed as an energy recovering system for these protons, which was composed of a modulator and a decelerator. The axial position of the decelerator is one of the important device parameters for both energy conversion efficiency and device size. The best position for conversion efficiency was considered to be the bunching position at which proton density is the highest, but it was not examined well. In this study, we investigated the dependence of deceleration efficiency on the axial position of the decelerator by using simulation experiments and numerical calculations. The results show that the bunching position is not necessarily the optimum one for conversion efficiency.
Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2016, Plasma and Fusion Research, 11 (1), 2405013, English[Refereed]
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With an aim to improve the total efficiency of a D-(3) He nuclear fusion direct energy conversion system, a secondary electron direct energy converter (SEDEC) is proposed. The incident high-energy protons in an SEDEC penetrate a large number of foil electrodes aligned in the direction of the proton beam, and emitted secondary electrons are recovered. The results of the initial experiments showed that most of the secondary electrons flowed into anteroposterior electrodes and did not arrive at the electron collector located alongside and perpendicular to the direction of the proton beam. A magnetic field was introduced to push the electrons toward the electron collector, but it was not effective for energy recovery. This technical note analyzes the trajectories of electrons in the presence of the magnetic field and proposes and examines a revised arrangement of permanent magnets. The arrangement of the magnets along one side of the proton beam greatly improved the energy recovery; however, the recovery level was lower than that without magnets.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Jul. 2015, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 68 (1), 166 - 170, English[Refereed]
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A traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) is expected to be used as an energy recovery device for fast protons produced during the D-3He nuclear fusion reaction. Some protons, however, are not fully decelerated and pass through the device. A secondary electron direct energy converter (SEDEC) was proposed as an additional device to recover the protons passing through a TWDEC. In our previous study, magnetic field was applied for efficient secondary electron (SE) collection, but the SEs were reflected close to the collector due to the magnetic mirror effect and the collection was degraded. Herein, a new arrangement of magnets is proposed to be set away from the collector, and experiments in various conditions are performed. An appropriate arrangement away from the collector resulted in the improvement of SE collection.
The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, Mar. 2015, Plasma and Fusion Research, 10, 3405025 - 3405025, English[Refereed]
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The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, 2015, Plasma and Fusion Research, 10, 3405013 - 3405013, English[Refereed]
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The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 01 Jul. 2013, IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines, 133 (7), 406 - 409, Japanese[Refereed]
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As for charge separation capability of cusp-ope direct energy converter (CuspDEC), which is expected to be used in an advanced fusion, high density plasma production has been studied with keeping a collision-less condition of the cusp region. Using a pulsed feeding technique, high density plasma production has been achieved and low gas pressure enough to keep collision-less condition has been evaluated by a simple gas dynamics calculation.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, May 2013, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 63 (1T), 307 - 309, English[Refereed]
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The operating characteristics of traveling wave direct energy converter, which is expected to be used in an advanced fusion, are discussed in the case of broad energy band flux based on the deceleration theory. Comparison of distributions in phase space between different relative phase differences shows a good agreement with the theory. The examination by narrow energy band flux roughly explained that the observed low energy component corresponded to the incident ions around the best matching energy of the decelerator.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, May 2013, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 63 (1T), 304 - 306, English[Refereed]
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A new structure of RP control of plasma for electric propulsion has been proposed With excitation characteristics of a helical antenna and propagation characteristics of waves with rotating field, both plasma production and ion heating will be expected simultaneously by employing a single helical antenna. Basic experiments to examine the proposed structure have been performed, showing consistent results with expected scenario.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, May 2013, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 63 (1T), 389 - 391, English[Refereed]
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The new energy recovery method using secondary electron emission has been studied in order to improve energy recovery from high energy protons of fusion products in D-He-3 nuclear fusion generation. The model experiments were performed by using the tandem electrostatic accelerator and the basic characteristics were investigated. According to our results, for penetration aluminum is better as a target material than copper, H+ is better than He2+, and higher energy beam is better which agree with numerical calculations. A qualitative characteristic of secondary electron emission dependence on beam energy was also obtained.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, May 2013, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 63 (1T), 301 - 303, English[Refereed]
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Proposed is a new type of magnetoplasma thruster using one radio frequency system for both plasma production and ion heating. This is accomplished with a rotating field antenna consisting of a pair of antenna windings, which are fed by two radio frequency outputs with relative phase difference of -n to n. If the rotating field antenna excites, by a proper phasing, the fields polarized in left-hand sense with respect to the external magnetic field, the fields couple to slow ion cyclotron waves that accelerate ions at the ion cyclotron resonance. On the other hand, the right-hand polarized fields produced by opposite phasing do not couple with the slow waves and their energy goes to electrons via fast wave excitation and enhances ionization. It is experimentally verified that for hydrogen plasmas the density of produced plasmas and the temperature of heated ions change sinusoidally with the phase difference peaking at pi/2 and -pi/2, respectively, showing the ability to control power ratio of the ion heating to the plasma production by only changing the phase difference. At optimum condition, the exhaust velocity of ions corresponds to the specific impulse of 6000s. It is thus demonstrated that the use of the rotating radio frequency system provides novel controllability for the magnetoplasma thruster.
AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT, Mar. 2012, JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER, 28 (2), 364 - 370, English[Refereed]
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The first systematic study of the modulation process of traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC), an efficient energy recovery device for fast protons created in an advanced fusion, has been presented. The necessary conditions required for a practical TWDEC modulator were examined. The experimental investigation of modulation characteristics for half-wavelength and one-wavelength modulators was performed. In the one-wavelength modulator, the same effect as the half-wavelength modulator can be obtained by half modulation voltages of electrodes. The modulation effect is sensitive with the phase difference between two RF voltages of the one-wavelength modulator, which could be used for control of modulation effect with a fixed electrode structure.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Jan. 2012, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 61 (1T), 129 - 133, EnglishScientific journal
In order to investigate working characteristics of traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) to flux with wide energy spread, the second-phase experiments of the research project using end-loss flux of GAMMA 10 were performed. The end-loss flux of the normal operation and that of the one-side plugging operation of GAMMA 10 were introduced to a bias-type TWDEC. The variation of effect of TWDEC operation was examined on relative phase difference between the modulator and the decelerator voltages. Both deceleration and acceleration effect were found according to the relative phase difference for the end-loss flux of both normal and one-side plugging operations.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Jan. 2012, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 61 (1T), 125 - 128, EnglishScientific journal
In an advanced fusion, fusion-produced charged particles must be separated from each other for efficient energy conversion to electricity. The CuspDEC performs this function of separation and direct energy conversion. Analysis of working characteristics of CuspDEC on plasma density is an important subject. This paper summarizes and discusses experimental and theoretical works for high density plasma by using a small scale experimental device employing a slanted cusp magnetic field. When the incident plasma is low-density, good separation of the charged particles can be accomplished and this is explained by the theory based on a single particle motion. In high density plasma, however, this theory cannot be always applied due to space charge effects. In the experiment, as gradient of the field line increases, separation capability of the charged particles becomes higher. As plasma density becomes higher, however, separation capability becomes lower. This can be qualitatively explained by using calculations of the modified Sẗormer potential including space charge potential. © 2012 The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research.
2012, Plasma and Fusion Research, 7 (1), 2405071, English[Refereed]
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Simulation experiments of traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) on GAMMA 10 tandem mirror have been performed. Following to initial experiments reported previously, full biasing system including measurement system has been constructed. The biasing system has successfully worked showing that energy distribution is shifted corresponding to the bias voltage. Examination of approximated energy distribution functions reveals that the deceleration effect by TWDEC operation is found for an appropriate relative phase difference between modulator and decelerator RFs.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Jan. 2011, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 59 (1T), 202 - 204, English[Refereed]
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Concerning an application of a cusp type direct energy converter (CUSPDEC) to high density plasma, subjects on charge separation and deceleration have been experimentally investigated, assuming that previously proposed two-stage deceleration scheme will be employed. As a fundamental measurements on two-stage deceleration scheme, the ions reflected by electric field due to the point cusp ion collector have been successfully detected by a sub-collector as a function of the collector voltage. For efficient charge separation and energy conversion, an introduction of a negatively biased grid has been examined, resulting that the assistance of charge separation to cusp field is effective. By employing the negatively biased grid, direct energy conversion by the point cusp collector also achieved with excluding electrons flowing into the collector.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Jan. 2011, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 59 (1T), 205 - 207, English[Refereed]
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A direct energy converter (DEC) designed for thermal ions escaping from a fusion reactor consists of a cusp magnetic field and one- or two-stage decelerating electrodes. In this CUSPDEC, magnetized electrons are deflected along the field lines of the cusp magnetic field to the line cusp region and collected by an electron collector while weakly magnetized ions can traverse the separatrix and enter into the point cusp region. Thus, ions are separated from electrons, and flow into an ion collector to produce DC power A normal cusp magnetic field enables us to separate electrons and ions for low energy electrons from a test plasma source, but not for electrons with much higher energies from the tandem mirror GAMMA10. The reason for this is found that the high energy electrons do not follow the field lines due to a high potential applied to the ion collector for ion deceleration. Use of a slanted cusp field has resolved the difficulty resulting in good separation. The efficiency of energy conversion of separated ions with wide spread in energy is similar to 55 % for a one-stage decelerating electrode. An additional lateral electrode, together with the existing collector constitutes a two-stage ion collector that provides distributed ion-decelerating fields. The system has revealed improvement in efficiency. From the measured voltage-current characteristics, the efficiency of this two-stage collector is estimated to have a value Of 65-70 % at an optimum condition.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Feb. 2009, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 55 (2T), 1 - 8, English[Refereed]
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In D-(3)He fusion, most of fusion energy is carried by kinetic energy of created protons of 14.7MeV. Concept of traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) was proposed as an effective energy converter with less handling voltage. Although fundamental researches on TWDEC have been reported, the dependence on energy spread of flowing ions has not been investigated in spite of its significant effects against conversion efficiency. The paper treats this subject by an application of TWDEC simulator to GAMMA 10 tandem mirror whose end-loss flux has relatively wide energy spread The energy distribution of the end-loss flux was measured, and a new structure of TWDEC simulator was designed according to the measured result. The conversion efficiency was estimated by one-dimensional numerical orbit calculations showing the designed structure had enough performance as TWDEC.
AMER NUCLEAR SOC, Feb. 2009, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 55 (2T), 114 - 117, English[Refereed]
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Two types of direct energy converters, cusp direct energy converter (CUSPDEC) and travelling-wave (TW) DEC, used to produce electricity from thermal ions and fusion products in an advanced fuelled fusion, are investigated using small-scale devices. In CUSPDEC, magnetized electrons are deflected along the field lines of the cusp magnetic field to the line cusp region and collected by an electron collector, while weakly magnetized ions can traverse the separatrix and enter into the point cusp region. Thus, ions are separated from electrons, and flow into an ion collector to produce dc power. Efficiencies of energy conversion of separated ions with large thermal spread of energy are measured to be ∼55%. An additional lateral electrode, together with the existing collector, constitutes a two-stage ion collector that provides distributed ion-decelerating fields. From the measured voltage-current characteristics, the efficiency of this collector is estimated to be improved to 65-70%, which is consistent with the calculation. Fusion-produced fast ions enter into TWDEC and are velocity-modulated by RF fields, bunched and then decelerated by RF travelling-wave fields on the decelerator to produce RF power. The TWDEC device has shown that the energies of ions of 3-6 keV can be decreased by 10-15% for a one-wavelength decelerator. This would give a total efficiency of 60-70% for a full-length decelerator. A novel system is being investigated for further improvement, in which the incoming ions are deflected transversely, according to each energy, to form a fan-shaped beam and a distributed electrode array for modulation and deceleration generates travelling-waves appropriate to each ion path depending on the energy. © 2009 IAEA, Vienna.
2009, Nuclear Fusion, 49 (7), English[Refereed]
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Two types of direct energy converters, cusp direct energy converter (CUSPDEC) and travelling-wave (TW) DEC, used to produce electricity from thermal ions and fusion products in an advanced fuelled fusion, are investigated using small-scale devices. In CUSPDEC, magnetized electrons are deflected along the field lines of the cusp magnetic field to the line cusp region and collected by an electron collector, while weakly magnetized ions can traverse the separatrix and enter into the point cusp region. Thus, ions are separated from electrons, and flow into an ion collector to produce dc power. Efficiencies of energy conversion of separated ions with large thermal spread of energy are measured to be ∼55%. An additional lateral electrode, together with the existing collector, constitutes a two-stage ion collector that provides distributed ion-decelerating fields. From the measured voltage-current characteristics, the efficiency of this collector is estimated to be improved to 65-70%, which is consistent with the calculation. Fusion-produced fast ions enter into TWDEC and are velocity-modulated by RF fields, bunched and then decelerated by RF travelling-wave fields on the decelerator to produce RF power. The TWDEC device has shown that the energies of ions of 3-6 keV can be decreased by 10-15% for a one-wavelength decelerator. This would give a total efficiency of 60-70% for a full-length decelerator. A novel system is being investigated for further improvement, in which the incoming ions are deflected transversely, according to each energy, to form a fan-shaped beam and a distributed electrode array for modulation and deceleration generates travelling-waves appropriate to each ion path depending on the energy. © 2009 IAEA, Vienna.
2009, Nuclear Fusion, 49 (7), English[Refereed]
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The objective of the present paper is to analyze small-scale experimental facilities of TWDEC (Travelling Wave type Direct Energy Converter) and to propose a modification in regard to a measuring device of the facilities by means of numerical simulation with the axisymmetrical two-dimensional approximation (a PIC method). The numerical simulation has given the following results: (1) tendency of the numerical results agree with the experimental results on the measured deceleration efficiency, (2) the deceleration efficiency measured in the experiment will increase if the radius of Faraday cup installed in the experiment increases and (3) the wave of condensation and rarefaction of measured electric charge density, which is averaged in the r-direction below the radius of Faraday cup, is not formed enough with a small radius of Faraday cup because of the r component of electric field which is induced by the electrode geometry. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, Oct. 2008, ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT, 49 (10), 2522 - 2529, English[Refereed]
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The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 01 Dec. 2007, 電気学会誌 = The journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 127 (12), 811 - 811, JapaneseInternational conference proceedings
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In a D-He-3 fusion reactor, direct energy conversion is expected, and discrimination of charged particles from each other is needed to produce electric power. The authors have performed simulation experiments for discrimination and direct energy conversion in a CUSPDEC device with a slanted cusp magnetic field. This paper presents a scaling of particle discrimination with proposition of an appropriate scaling factor based on the consideration of the Stormer potential. Experimental results with the factor up to 0.7 for ions and 80 for electrons are presented The paper also presents results of direct energy conversion of ions in higher energy region up to 5 keV. It is confirmed that the conversion efficiency does not depend on averaged energy, but depends on the broadness of energy distribution function.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 391 - 393, English[Refereed]
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In D-He-3 fusion, most of fusion energy is carried by created protons of 14.7 MeV. Concept of traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) is applied for the purpose to construct an energy converter with less handling voltage and higher efficiency. To improve conversion efficiency of the TWDEC, we propose two methods of optimization of decelerator structure in the view point of matching between the beam velocity and the phase velocity of the traveling wave. As the result of experiments in a TWDEC simulator based on each method, these optimizations are really effective to improve conversion efficiency. However, when the matching is disturbed by some factors, less matching results in less efficiency.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 388 - 390, English[Refereed]
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The objective of the present study is to analyze separation capability of charged particles of small-scale cusp type direct energy experimental converter installed at GAMMA 10 by means of numerical simulation with the axisymmetrical two-dimensional approximation. The numerical simulation has given the following results: (1) when the input power of protons is less than or equal to I W, the protons and the electrons can be separated with the proton collection efficiency of 100%. When the input power of protons is 5W, the protons and the electrons become difficult to be separated with the proton collection efficiency of about 5%. (2) The electrons whose radius of incidence is small become trapped in the separation zone. These results depend on the magnitude of self-induced electric field which is formed by separation of the protons and the electrons.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 385 - 387, English[Refereed]
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Recently a magnetic divertor was introduced in the HIEI tandem mirror as an effective stabilization method, and the second harmonic resonance ion heating was examined. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the physical mechanism of the ion heating. RF field with large wave number was confirmed in the divertor configuration which could not be found out in the non-divertor configuration. Power absorption in the vicinity of the second harmonic resonance regions was also confirmed.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 319 - 321, English[Refereed]
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This paper deals with the experimental result that is obtained from the GAMMA 10 and Kobe Cusp direct energy conversion (DEC) experiment system in the Tsukuba-Kobe university internet connected remote participation system. A DSO (Digital Sampling Oscilloscope), a PCMCIA based AID converter and a PC (Personal Computer) server as the controller and the data storage server are used as a simulation experiment Of Data Acquisition(DAQ) system. The communication between the Kobe University and the University of Tsukuba did the information transmission between the monitor site of Kobe and the experimental system operator site of Tsukuba, by using the communication of the browser base. The experimental result in the latest shot can be reflected to the parameter change for next shot. The parameter setting and control of DSO etc. becomes possible, without controlling through the operator of the University of Tsukuba by using the common gateway interface (CGI) based program.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 394 - 396, English[Refereed]
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The effects of non-axisymmetric magnetic field on characteristics of a direct energy converter (DEC) with an axisymmetric cusp configuration are studied. The axisymmetric Cusp DEC (Kobe Cusp) is installed at the end of the GAMAM 10 device, which breaks the axisymmetry of the DEC. It is clarified that the non-axisymmetric magnetic field changes the Stormer potential at the stagnation and the equilibrium electric field by the order of the perturbation field to the equilibrium magnetic field.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 177 - 179, English[Refereed]
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A direct energy converter (DEC) designed for thermal ions escaping from a fusion reactor consists of a cusp magnetic field and one or two stage decelerating electrodes. The electrons are deflected along the field lines and consequently separated from thermal ions that are not fully magnetized The ions are led to the electrodes to produce DC power For basic investigation of this type of DEC, the CUSPDEC, a small-scale experimental device is constructed and its characteristics have been investigated by using a low-energy plasma source. In this paper the device is applied to the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror in order to investigate the capability of separation of charged particles as well as to demonstrate energy conversion from ions in much more reactor-relevant environment. The separation of electrons and ions with energies of the order of keV is achieved by using a slanted cusp magnetic field for the first time. It is also found that the separated ions are decelerated by the electric field in front of ion collectors and flow into the collectors at a high potential to produce DC power.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Feb. 2007, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 51 (2T), 171 - 176, English[Refereed]
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For the treatment of cancer using hyperthermia, high frequency electromagnetic fields are used to heat the cancer cells. These electromagnetic fields fall into two general frequency ranges, one relatively low, and the other in the microwave range. Both produce some side effects such as the heating of healthy cells or the impact on the body of invasive surgery required to expose deep-lying cells. To reduce these side reactions, the use of lower microwave frequencies with phase control was proposed. In this paper, we present a very basic study to prove the viability of the proposed scheme. This includes the selection of a suitable frequency, demonstration of localized heating using the selected frequency, and a three-dimensional numerical analysis of the electromagnetic fields involved. In the heating demonstration, a tissue-equivalent phantom made from agar was irradiated by phase-controlled electromagnetic waves from a pair of circular patch antennas operating at 430 MHz. This produced localized heating. The numerical analysis produced a field distribution that corresponded closely to the results from the heating experiment. It confirmed that the phase control technique for long-wavelength microwaves was effective in producing localized heating.
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 2007, IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, 127 (11), 3 - 1838, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
It is necessary to separate, discriminate and guide electrons, thermal ions, and fusion protons created from a D-He-3 reactor in order to convert kinetic to electric power directly. A cusp direct energy converter (CUSPDEC) is expected to achieve the above-mentioned role. This paper presents simulation experiments of CUSPDEC. The separation of ions and electrons is done and the kinetic energy of ions separated from electrons is converted to electricity.
KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC, Dec. 2006, JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY, 49, S146 - S150, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In D-He-3 nuclear fusion, a traveling wave direct energy converter (TWDEC) is expected to recover the energy of produced protons. The paper presents results of a simulation experiment of the TWDEC. A Dew circuit, which provides complete matching between the beam velocity and phase velocity of a traveling wave, was designed and constructed. The deceleration efficiency qualitatively varied similarly to numerical calculations. The quantitative discrepancy is considered to be due to insufficient modulation by the experimental structure.
KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC, Dec. 2006, JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY, 49, S141 - S145, English[Refereed]
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The spatial structure of waves and plasma uniformity in microwave discharges using a multi-slotted planar antenna are investigated, experimentally and by calculation. The wave field amplitude and phase are measured in the axial and azimuthal directions, and are compared with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain calculation result. The wave mode in the plasma does not change with various densities, and, as a consequence, spatially uniform plasmas are obtained for a wide range of parameters being free from abrupt changes associated with surface wave eigenmodes.
INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS, Oct. 2006, JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS, 45 (10B), 8059 - 8064, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
International conference proceedings
It is necessary to supply nitrogen radical fluxes in high uniformity to form high-quality nitrogen-incorporated films. An experiment on gas phase chemical reaction using a microwave discharge device with a multi-slotted planar antenna is performed. We use a three-dimensional simulation code, which calculates wave propagation in plasma obtained by the finite difference time domain method, power deposition, and plasma transport using a fluid model. The code can reproduce experimental results to a large extent. The code is capable of calculating several types of gas-phase reaction of neutral species. The results of both the experiment and the simulation show that the uniformity of the density distribution of nitrogen radicals strongly depends on the uniformity of the plasma.
INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS, Oct. 2006, JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS, 45 (10B), 8065 - 8070, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
International conference proceedings
Planar microwave discharges using slot antennas have been investigated as a large-diameter and uniform plasma source for material processing. A plasma with a high uniformity, a large diameter, and high density was obtained by using a multi-slotted planar antenna without forming standing wave of surface waves. A three dimensional calculation of wave propagation in the plasma was also performed with finite-difference time-domain scheme, and shows the close relation with experiment results. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, May 2006, THIN SOLID FILMS, 506, 626 - 630, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
A planar microwave discharge device has been developed, where microwave power is radiated uniformly from an antenna of multiple slots, and overdense argon plasmas with uniformities better than 3 % for 30 cm diameter has been obtained [Y. Yasaka, D. Nozaki, K. Koga, M. Ando, T. Yamamoto, N. Goto, N. Ishii, T. Morimoto, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 8 (1999) 530.]. In order to apply this device to material processing, an operation mixing nitrogen gas was preformed and density of nitrogen radical was measured by using a mass spectroscopy. The result was that the density of nitrogen radical had better uniformity when the base argon plasma is uniform. Numerical simulation including gas phase reactions also gave better uniformity of nitrogen radical on uniform base plasma. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, May 2006, THIN SOLID FILMS, 506, 622 - 625, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Numerical analyses with the one-dimensional approximation have been carried out for a small-scale experimental device of TWDEC. The following results have been obtained. Numerical results agree well with experimental results on the conversion efficiency and the energy distribution when the phase difference between voltages of the modulator and the decelerator is the same as the experiment. It has been found that the phase difference should be determined properly in order to obtain a high efficiency. The position of electrodes in the decelerator has been optimized to obtain higher efficiency. The optimization is carried out for ions to move with the travelling electric field. It has been shown that the optimization can make the efficiency more than 58% when the number of electrodes is 16 even with the present small device. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA, Feb. 2006, FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN, 81 (8-14), 1689 - 1694, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Orbits of charged particles, especially secondary electrons, in a magnetic field of cusp configuration were studied for the purpose of development of direct energy conversion for advanced fusion where separation of electrons and ions was significant. For analytical estimation, the Störmer potential was calculated, showing that ions could move wide region of magnetic field although electrons just aligned a magnetic field line, thus effective separation was expected. The calculated orbits were consistent with analytical estimation and experimental results. Within this restriction, secondary electrons cannot achieve ion collectors, but some disturbance such as space charge field can modify their orbit, and secondary electrons have a possibility to reach ion collectors. Orbits of secondary electrons starting at electron collector support this consideration. © 2006 IEEE.
2006, Proceedings - International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, ISDEIV, 2, 710 - 713, EnglishInternational conference proceedings
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A direct energy conversion system designed for D-(3) He fusion reactor based on afield reversed configuration employs a venetian-blind type converter for thermal ions to produce DC power and a traveling wave type converter for fusion protons to produce RF power. It is therefore necessary to separate, discriminate, and guide the particle species. For this purpose, a cusp magnetic field is proposed, in which the electrons are deflected and guided along the field line to the line cusp, while the ions pass through the point cusp. A small-scale experimental device was used to study the basic characteristics of discrimination of electrons and ions in the cusp magnetic field Ions separated from electrons are guided to an ion collector, which is operated as a one-stage direct energy converter. The conversion efficiency was measured for cases with different values of mean and spread of ion energy. These experiments successfully demonstrate direct energy conversion from plasma beams using particle discrimination by a cusp magnetic field.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Apr. 2005, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 47 (3), 455 - 459, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
An experimental study of direct power conversion for D-(3) He fusion is presented. In a small-scale simulator of direct energy converter, which is based on a principle of deceleration of 14.7MeVprotons by traveling wavefield, a new structure of an external transmission circuit in experiment is proposed for the purpose of enhancement of deceleration electrode voltages. A prototype circuit was designed and constructed, resulting improvement Of voltage amplitude in an order of magnitude. A more practical circuit, in which inductor elements were manufactured by using coaxial cables, was also constructed and tested. An excitation of the third harmonic frequency with a significant amplitude was observed. The cause of this problem is attributed to the modulated ion beam which has a third harmonic component and fact that the inductance of the element nonlinearly depends on frequency. This problem is serious for a practical scale energy converter, and a careful design of the circuit could avoid the problem.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Apr. 2005, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 47 (3), 450 - 454, English[Refereed]
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A small-scale experiment is performed to prove and evaluate the principle of a direct energy converter for D-He-3 fusion reactor. Discrimination of charged particles by using a cusp magnetic Field and energy conversion from the ion beam simulating fusion protons by using traveling RF waves are demonstrated and are compared with calculations.
AMER INST PHYSICS, 2001, RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS, 595, 530 - 533, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We simulated a traveling wave direct energy converter for application in a D-He-3 fusion reactor. The deceleration of a simulated ion beam was studied, and the dependence of the efficiency of the decelerator on its length was examined. The effectiveness of spatial variation in the phase velocity of the traveling wave was demonstrated experimentally. Optimization of the structure of the decelerator is discussed with the aid of numerical simulations. By employing the proper decelerator structure, the efficiency per unit length of about 0.2 with the normalized decelerator length of about 2.5 is expected.
INTS PURE APPLIED PHYSICS, Sep. 2000, JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS, 39 (9A), 5287 - 5291, English[Refereed]
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Ion Bernstein wave (IBW) heating experiments are performed with a poloidally phased antenna. Between two kinds of poloidal phasing, no difference is found with the heating effect which is expected from the mechanism of heating presented previously. The significant differences due to the difference of poloidal phasing are found in observations of electron density variation, emission intensities of impurity lines and scrape-off layer plasma. All the results show that the poloidal phasing brings about variations of particle transport, and a ponderomotive effect of the antenna near-field might be the most probable mechanism. The phasing effect should be considered on an intense radio frequency (RF) injection by poloidally aligned antenna elements.
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, May 1999, PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION, 41 (5), 613 - 623, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
A new scheme of plasma production and ion heating in the central cell of the tandem mirror is demonstrated. Helicon mode plasma production in combination with two ion species plasma heating by mode conversion of a fast Alfven wave into a slow Alfven wave realizes ion heating of a high density plasma, and could remove the density limitation caused by the conventional scheme using slow ion cyclotron waves. The achieved value of products of electron density and average ion temperature is 9 X 10(20) eV . m(-3) for an RF power of 165 kW. Analysis of wave damping indicates that matching the radiation spectrum of the antenna with the damping spectrum results in efficient plasma production. The phased dual double-half-turn antenna is suitable for helicon wave spectrum control.
INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Jan. 1995, NUCLEAR FUSION, 35 (1), 75 - 85, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Plasma heating and potential formation by ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) waves are investigated in the HIEI tandem mirror. It is demonstrated that ions and electrons are selectively heated by the appropriate waves that have been mode converted from the fast magnetosonic wave in a two-ion-species plasma. In the central cell, the minority ions can be heated up to 0.3 keV with the presence of the mode-converted slow ion cyclotron wave. Plug cell electrons are heated by the mode-converted electrostatic slow wave resulting in the formation of an ion confining potential. The dependence of the ion confining potential on the plug electron temperature is in qualitative agreement with values predicted by the improved modified Boltzmann relation which includes velocity space diffusion of electrons due to the ICRF wave. The axial confinement of the core plasma is improved by the ICRF produced potential.
INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Sep. 1994, NUCLEAR FUSION, 34 (9), 1263 - 1267, English[Refereed]
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In this paper the observation of mode conversion of the m = -1 (right-rotating propagation) fast magnetosonic wave into the slow ion-cyclotron wave via the ion-ion hybrid resonance in a mirror magnetic field is presented. The left-circularly polarized component of the wave magnetic field strongly depends on the minority ion concentration in a helium-hydrogen plasma. The associated ion heating up to 250% of the initial value is in correlation with the enhancement of the left-circularly polarized component of the wave field, showing evidence of ion cyclotron heating due to the mode conversion. The two-dimensional calculation of the wave propagation and mode conversion is performed and compared with the experiment.
AMER INST PHYSICS, Jun. 1992, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS, 4 (6), 1486 - 1491, English[Refereed]
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A nonlinearly excited sideband wave due to a magnetohydrodynamic interchange mode is observed in a radio frequency (rf)-produced simple mirror plasma, and its excitation is discussed. The measured amplitude of the sideband wave field is compared with the theoretical value showing the agreement in order of magnitude, but the radial distribution is different. As the rf current of the production source is changed, the sideband excitation level varies and this variation is explained by the density fluctuation and the difference of the dispersion relations between pump and sideband waves. Using the difference of the dispersion relations, it would be possible to suppress the sideband excitation and to reduce its destabilizing contribution.
AMER INST PHYSICS, May 1992, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS, 4 (5), 1255 - 1261, English[Refereed]
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Experimental and computational results of direct energy converters (DECs) for advanced fueled fusion such as D-He-3 are presented. Kinetic energy of thermal component of end loss plasma is converted to electricity by using the Cusp DEC [1]. The proof-of-principle experiments of a single slanted cusp have been carried out and verified the faculty of the configuration. To improve a separation of electrons from ions, numerical simulation shows a Helmholtz magnetic configuration with a uniform magnetic field is more effective than the Cusp DEC. The fusion-produced high-energy ions like 15 MeV protons in D-He-3 fueled fusion can pass through the Cusp DEC without disturbing their orbits and enter a traveling-wave direct energy converter (TWDEC). Small scale experiments have shown the effectiveness of the TWDEC and the numerical simulation on optimization of interval of electrodes in a decelerator gives high conversion efficiency up to 60%.
AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY, Jan. 2005, FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 47 (1T), 43 - 48, English[Refereed]
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Introduction scientific journal
A functional concrete, named "Life-Controllable-Smart" concrete, was developed on the basis of the composite technology. The material, which is a concrete containing the PET blocks improved in microwave heatability as the aggregate, can be easily and safely on demand by irradiating 2.45 GHz microwave. The breakability, heatability, workability and strength were investigated to improve the total performance of the LCS concrete. It is evident that when thermal expansion coefficient α_r of the filler is the same, fracture property of LCS concrete would be almost wholly dependent upon bulk modulus K_r of the filler. It is clear that as resin content V_f increases, temperature at break point descends drastically and results of fracture experiment were almost the same as those of the numerical analysis. Finally, it is confirmed that the decomposing property, execution property and strength are within the allowable limits of practical utilization, and satisfactory results are obtained concerning material development
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 10 Sep. 2003, Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics, 2003 (2), "GSW0315 - 1"-"GSW0315-6", EnglishOthers
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