KATO Shoji | ![]() |
Graduate School of Engineering / Department of Civil Engineering | |
Associate Professor | |
Civil Engineering / Architecutre and planning / Building Engineering |
May 2006 地盤工学会, 平成17年度事業企画賞 団体受賞, 平成16年台風23号による関西圏地盤災害調査報告書
Japan society
May 2006 (社) 地盤工学会, (社) 地盤工学会平成17年度事業企画賞, 地盤工学会関西支部平成16年台風23号関西圏地盤災害緊急調査団
The water retention tests in this study were conducted using wettable and water repellent soils to investigate its water retention characteristics. For this, a newly established water retention testing system which uses continuous pressurization method was utilized, and the water repellent sand was artificially prepared by the silanization process. As a result, it was confirmed that the testing time for the drying and wetting processes in the soil water characteristic curve was remarkably shortened. The air entry value of the water repellent soil is similar to that of the wettable soil, while the water entry value and water infiltration value of the water repellent soil are smaller than the wettable soil. Even with a limited data, this indicates that the effect of the repellent state on soils has a larger hysteretic behavior than the wettable state on soils due to material characteristics.
Japanese Geothecchnical Society, 2019, 地盤工学ジャーナル, 14 (2), 111 - 121, Japanese[Refereed]
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An embankment material is generally comprised of the gravel, sand, silt and clay. In particular, the fine grain content (Fc, under sieve #200) affects the mechanical characteristics of an embankment under unsaturated state such as the shear strength and the infiltration at a rainfall. Thus, a series of the constant water content compression tests in this study is performed on the Fc from 10% to 50% using a decomposed granite soil of the embankment. The shear behavior according to the Fc are examined with the degree of saturation. The increase of the shear strength, that is, an apparent cohesion due to the suction on the Fc is also examined through the comparison with the theoretical result based on the Suction stress - SWRC Method (SSM). It could be understood that the effect on the shear strength over Fc= 25% is maximized, and the soil sample over Fc= 25% would have a decided advantage as an embankment material.
Japanese Geothecchnical Society, 2016, Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 4 (4), 60 - 63, English[Refereed]
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一面せん断試験における,せん断箱内部の応力状態とひずみの分布状態については,十分な解析がなされておらず,得られた土質強度定数の位置づけもあいまいである.本研究では,三次元個別要素法により,直方体型と円盤型のせん断箱のケースについて,内部の応力状態とひずみ分布状態を比較検討した.この結果,直方体型では,平面ひずみ状態が保たれているのに対し,円盤型の場合は,従来言われているような,平面ひずみ状態ではないことが判明した.
World Scientific, Mar. 2014, International Journal of Computational Methods, 11 (2), 1342001 - 1-1342004-18, English[Refereed]
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This paper examined the application of suction stress on the results of the direct shear test under constant volume condition for unsaturated soil as a subsequent study carried previously out under a constant pressure condition. In particular, the direct shear apparatus used was a modified type for unsaturated soil, and the opening between the upper and the lower shear boxes was applied with Teflon sheets. The suction stresses of each test were derived by means of the Suction stress-SWRC Method (SSM). As a result, it was found that the stress paths for unsaturated soil agreed well with the maximum volumetric compression point (M.C.P.) line, which was obtained under saturation and constant pressure conditions, through applying the suction stress in the (σnet,τ) plane. These results therefore showed that the suction stress derived from the application of the SSM can be considered to explain the mechanical behavior in saturated and unsaturated soils regardless of the two test conditions in the direct shear test. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Elvisher, 14 Mar. 2013, Engineering Geology, 155 (1), 10 - 18, English[Refereed]
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Wildfire, diagenesis, and organic contamination often induce the non-wettability in soils which in turn dominate physico-mechanical behaviours and control the contact angle and capillary pressure. This study presents the characterization of hydraulic and geomechanical properties of non-wettable sands using artificially synthesized hydrophobic sands. The critical hydrostatic pressure that initiates the fluid intrusion into dry hydrophobic sands is measured to estimate permeation boundary. Hydraulic conductivity values of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sands under fully saturated condition are examined to evaluate the drag force effect. For geomechanical study, a series of constant water content compression tests are performed to assess the mechanical behavior on a reconstituted specimen of unsaturated non-wettable sands. The stress-strain relationships according to the degree of saturation under confining pressure condition are observed so as to derive the suction stresses. Results highlight that the surface modification at nano-scale determine the spatial configuration of water phase in pore space and its impact on fluid flow and strength with varying degree of saturation prevails.
PRESSES DES PONTS, 2013, CHALLENGES AND INNOVATIONS IN GEOTECHNICS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 1, 1, 361 - 364, English[Refereed]
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This paper examines the effect of the opening between the shear boxes on the shear behavior in the direct shear box test (H=20 mmxD=60 mm) under a constant vertical stress using seven types of granular material. It is observed that the magnitude of shear strength and dilatancy decreases due to the outflow of sample with an increase in the opening. The two notions of the Threshold Point (TP) as the limit opening size and the Threshold Line (TL) offering the guideline of opening size is defined according to the mean particle size of soil samples. However, similar shear behaviors were observed regardless of the opening size because there was no outflow of sample through applying the Teflon sheet in the direct shear box tests for Toyoura sand. Finally, the shear mode on the circular specimen applying the Teflon sheet is also examined in comparison with the results from other tests.
KOREAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-KSCE, Nov. 2012, KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, 16 (7), 1132 - 1142, English[Refereed]
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不飽和地盤でのCollapse現象を調べるため,3次元DEM(Distinct Element Method)を利用して真三軸試験シミュレーションを行った.Collapse過程は,等方圧密過程とせん断過程中,土粒子間の接着力を減少させる方法で実行された.得られたシミュレーション結果を過去の実験結果と比較により,非常に類似した挙動を示すことが確認され,シミュレーション方法の妥当性が検証された.そして,解析結果からせん断中に土粒子間の接着力を減少させてCollapseを発生させても,供試体にせん断層が生じないことが分かった.この研究により,3次元DEMシミュレーションを通じて粒子間力と変形の関係を様々な応力状態で調べられることが確認された.
Elsevier, Jan. 2012, Computers and Geotechnics, 42, 52 - 61, English[Refereed]
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Unconfined compression tests are performed in this study to evaluate the effect of matric suction on the strength and the deformation characteristics of dynamically and statically compacted silt soils. In order to estimate the suction stress, the change in suction and the volume change of the soil samples are measured, and the relationship between suction stress and unconfined strength is established. Under different conditions of the initial degree of saturation and the dry density in soils, the relationship between suction and the degree of saturation at failure can be expressed by a unique soil-water characteristic curve. This result shows a similar tendency to that of a predicted equation using the same parameters for the soil-water characteristic curves. The unconfined compressive strength is also affected by the suction stress which seems to work as a confining pressure for unsaturated conditions. These results demonstrate that the suction stress can be used for estimating the relationship between suction and the unconfined compression test.
SPRINGER, May 2010, KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, 14 (3), 281 - 290, English[Refereed]
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本研究では,ベンダーエレメントを装着した不飽和土用一次元圧密試験機を新たに開発し,2種類の地盤材料における一定の鉛直サクションの増加に伴うGの変化を観察した.試験には市販されているシルト質土とまさ土の2種類の試料を使用した.試験結果から,飽和・不飽和土におけるGの増減を表現しうる応力パラメータを,サクションそのものとサクション応力とを用いて検討した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Aug. 2009, 土木学会応用力学論文集, 12, 353 - 362, Japanese[Refereed]
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砂のような粒状材料の粒子形状がせん断層に与える影響について二次元個別要素法による二軸圧縮解析を行い検討した.ピーク強度時に動員される内部摩擦角は形状係数であるFUと相関が認められ,その関係はほぼ線形関係で表され,せん断初期の相対密度に応じて平行移動した関係が得られた.また,せん断帯形成に伴う粒子回転を調べ,供試体内部に周期的な小規模なせん断帯が形成されていることを示唆する層を確認した.さらに,粒子回転の程度がダイレイタンシーに影響しており,その程度は長短度で表される粒子形状の影響を受けることを確認した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Jul. 2008, 土木学会論文集C, 64 (3), 456 - 472, Japanese[Refereed]
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The shear modulus tor unsaturated silt under one dimensional consolidation state and constant suction state are measured with bender element method. A silt sample under slurry state was consolidated one dimensionally, and desaturated with applying suction. By using the bender element method, we measured the shear modulus for unsaturated soil and examined the effect of suction. From the obtained test results, we find a unique tendency between the normalized shear modulus and the equivalent confining pressure that is the sum of the suction stress and the overburden pressure for both of saturated and unsaturated state. This result implies that the suction stress acts as one of the governing parameters to the shear modulus for a unsaturated silt sample.
I O S PRESS, 2008, DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOMATERIALS, VOLS 1 AND 2, 1, 535 - 540, English[Refereed]
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水浸後の圧縮曲線に与える締固めの影響について,締固めたシルト質土供試体を用いて,標準圧密試験装置により水浸後の圧縮試験(水浸圧縮試験)を行い検討した.得られた水浸後の圧縮曲線は,スラリー状態から圧縮して得られる圧縮曲線とは異なる傾向を示した.また,水浸後の圧縮曲線に対して,供試体作製時の締固め回数が影響する場合があることがわかった.この結果は,水浸後にサクションが消失しても,圧縮曲線には締固めにより形成された土骨格構造の影響が残る場合があることを示している.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Aug. 2007, 土木学会論文集C, 63 (3), 742 - 751, Japanese[Refereed]
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粒子間付着力を有する粒状材料の破壊規準について調べるために,三次元DEM解析による剛板載荷型3主応力制御試験のシミュレーションを行った.せん断過程の変形挙動を検討した結果,三軸圧縮条件での内部摩擦角は,粒子間付着力の増加とともに増大した.また,π面上の破壊規準は,供試体のせん断時の体積変化挙動にかかわらず拡張されたラディ規準に従う傾向を示し,せん断時に得られた等γoct線も拡張されたラディ規準に近い形状を示すことが判明した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Jun. 2007, 土木学会論文集C, 63 (2), 530 - 543, Japanese[Refereed]
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圧密試料及び不かく乱粘土試料を用いて,吸水過程を加えた等方圧縮過程後の低拘束圧下での非排水せん断試験を実施し,有効応力経路とピーク・残留強度に検討を加えた.ピーク強度特性や有効応力経路には,サクションによる弱い粒子間付着力や長期の堆積過程により形成され,構造を生じる強い粒子間付着力が影響する傾向が認められた.また残留強度特性は,サクション応力を考慮すると飽和・不飽和状態にかかわらずユニークに整理される傾向を示した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, May 2006, 土木学会論文集C, 62 (2), 471 - 487, Japanese[Refereed]
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沖積粘土(Ma12)の工学的特性(液性塑性限界,粒径分布,非排水強度および弾性係数)の変化について,神戸空港の建設地で採取された85cm長のサンプルを用いて検討を行った.そして,ベンダーエレメント要素を備えた一面せん断試験装置を新たに開発して資料のせん断強度と弾性係数について検討した.そして,物理いぇ来特性と力学特性がほぼ一様であり,年代効果による粘土好物の変化の影響はほとんど見られないことが判明した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Aug. 2005, 土木学会応用力学論文集, 8, 53 - 58, Japanese[Refereed]
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不飽和状態の豊浦砂供試体を用いた,サクションおよび基底側方応力一定条件下での三軸圧縮および三軸伸張せん断試験を行った.そして,サクションがせん断時の変形強度特性に与える影響について検討した.三軸圧縮せん断試験時の応力~ひずみ関係および強度特性は,従来,不飽和粘性土供試体により得られている結果と同じ傾向を示した.また,この時のサクション~粘着増分関係は,これまでに提案しているサクション応力として評価できることが確認された.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Mar. 2005, 土木学会論文集, 785 (Ⅲ-70), 93 - 106, Japanese[Refereed]
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粗粒土に細粒分が混入したときに生じる強度低下について,三軸圧縮試験により検討を行った.供試体の作成を容易にするため,粗粒分としての珪砂に細粒分として内部摩擦角の小さいグラスビーズを混入して供試体を作成した.粗粒分のみによる間隙比を一定とし,グラスビーズを増加させたところ,グラスビーズの混入量の増加に伴い内部摩擦角が低下した.また,混入量が一定状態での強度の側圧依存性は,混入量が大きくなると小さくなる傾向を示した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Mar. 2004, 土木学会論文集, 757 (Ⅲ-66), 155 - 166, Japanese[Refereed]
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不飽和土の非排水三軸圧縮試験を行い,非排水強度特性および水分保持特性について調べた.膨張量と間隙水圧の変化は,飽和度により影響を受け,サクション応力を考慮すれば,飽和土と同じ破壊規準が適用できることが判明した
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Sep. 2002, 土木学会論文集, 715 (Ⅲ-60), 287 - 296, Japanese[Refereed]
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一定エネルギーで締固めたシルト質土供試体を用いて,サクションおよび体積変化を測定した一軸圧縮試験を行った.破壊時の応力状態は,破壊時のサクション応力を拘束応力とした場合,不飽和土の破壊規準に従うことが判明した.このことは,非排水状態で得られる一軸圧縮試験の強度が,排水試験に基づいて得られた破壊規準に従うことを意味している.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Sep. 2001, 土木学会論文集, 687 (Ⅲ-56), 201 - 218, English[Refereed]
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Water retention curves derived from some initial conditions based on experimental results and some factors affecting the water retention curves are examined. On the drying process of the water retention curve, degree of saturation, water content and void ratio tend to converge to a specific value with increase in suction. And, the value can be regarded as a constant in terms of the water content. The suction value at which the desaturation begins on the drying process from the saturated state is called "Air Entry Value" and depends on the void ratio. The relationship between the air entry value and void ratio can be described as a unique "Air Entry Value Line". On the wetting process, it is found that the shape of the water retention curve depends on the degree of saturation. Likewise, the water entry value on the wetting process can be expressed as a function of void ratio as the "Water Entry Value Line". Thus, in this paper, a new model for the water retention curve adopting the concept of "Virgin Drying Line" presented by Toll is proposed. it is shown that the model can predict the hysteresis loop in the water retention curves when the initial states (suction, void ratio, water content) of specimen are provided.
A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, 2000, UNSATURATED SOILS FOR ASIA, 1, 329 - 334, English[Refereed]
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In this study, using the distinct element method analysis, simulations of the biaxial compression test for two-dimensional granular material is carried out. In this analysis, the problems encountered in the triaxial compression for unsaturated soil an canceled. The influence of meniscus water in unsaturated soil is reproduced by introducing constant intergranular adhesive force that acts perpendicular to the tangential plane at contact point. The influence of the intergranular adhesive force on the stress-strain relation and the strength constants are examined. From the analytical results, it is found out that the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the assembly of the disk particle increases with the inrergranular adhesive force.
A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, 2000, UNSATURATED SOILS FOR ASIA, 1, 113 - 118, English[Refereed]
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Deformation behavior of an unsaturated soil in collapse was studied using a modified triaxial test apparatus. Three kinds of wetting test were conducted on compacted clay specimens. (i) wetting tests under isotropic stress state, (ii) wetting tests under constant shear stress, and (iii) repeated wetting during shear test under a constant mean net stress. Collapse occurred later in comparison to isotropic stress state conditions under triaxial stress state when shear stress was kept constant. This phenomenon is due to the decrease of the coefficient of permeability, which relates to the changes associated with bulk water to meniscus water. The relationship between void ratio change and increase in water content observed under the different stress states tested showed similar behavior. In the repeated wetting during shear test, a continuous decrease in void ratio was observed with water absorption and drainage. This phenomenon is also related to the change of the bulk water to meniscus water. The secondary wetting process is observed in the experimental testing program discussed in this paper. The presently available constitutive models do not take into account the secondary wetting process. The research studies presented in this paper provide more insight into the collapse behavior.
The Japanese Geotechnical Society, 2000, SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS, 40 (5), 75 - 90, English[Refereed]
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Deformation in collapse has been studied with a triaxial test apparatus modified for unsaturated soil Two kinds of wetting tests, in which the conditions of suction and stresses were known, were conducted for specimens of a compacted clay. Deformation characteristics in collapses under different stress states were studied and discussed. The relations between void ratio change and increase in water content observed in collapses under these different stress states have the same tendency. And in the case of triaxial stress state, it took several times hours till collapse occurred than that which were needed in the case of isotropic stress state. These test results mean that, after inundation the states of the unsaturated soil is independent of the stress state, but the process of deformation and absorption during wetting process is affected by the stress state.
A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, 1999, SLOPE STABILITY ENGINEERING, VOLS 1 & 2, 1, 709 - 714, English[Refereed]
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不飽和土の挙動に与えるサクションの異影響を明確にするために,粒子間付着力を導入した個別要素法により,2次元粒状体の2軸圧縮せん断をシミュレーションした.せん断時の応力ひずみ関係は粒子間付着力に影響を受けた.さらに,破壊時の強度より求められる内部摩擦角は,粒子間付着力の増加とともに,増大する傾向を示した.また,粘着力は粒子間付着力の増加に対し,比例的に増加することが確認された
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Aug. 1998, 土木学会応用力学論文集, 2, 419 - 426, Japanese[Refereed]
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締固めた粘性土供試体を用いて,三軸圧縮試験装置を用いてサクション一定条件下からの水浸試験,および水浸後のせん断試験を行った.水浸後の飽和度は100%にならないが,間隙比とともに応力経路に依存しない傾向を示すことが確認された.また,水浸時の間隙比の圧縮量は,拘束応力の増大とともに増加し,その後減少する傾向が見られた.さらに,水浸後に同じ応力条件下で行ったせん断試験時の変形挙動は応力経路に依存しないことが確認された.これらの挙動は,現在提案されている構成モデルに基づく予測と一致する.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Jun. 1998, 土木学会論文集, 596 (Ⅲ-43), 271 - 281, Japanese[Refereed]
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Two types of the experimental test results for unsaturated soil are introduced. One is the suction loading and unloading test performed in an oedmeter test apparatus. Based on this results, the influence of void ratio and water content on the moisture characteristic curve is discussed. Another is suction reducing test conducted by a triaxial test apparatus. In this test, each specimen has different hysteresis in suction. The effect of pore water distribution on mechanical behaviour is considered and test results are compared with the theoretical field locus.
A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, 1998, PROBLEMATIC SOILS, VOL 1, 649 - 652, English[Refereed]
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カムクレイモデルにおいて用いられているエネルギー消散式をサクション応力を取り入れた形で不飽和状態に適用し,それに基づいて弾塑性モデルを提案した.予圧密試料にサクションを与え不飽和化した供試体を用いたサクション一定の三軸圧縮試験結果に対して,本モデルによる予測値と実測値を比較検討した.両者はよく一致を示し,本モデルの妥当性が検証された.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Sep. 1997, 土木学会論文集, 575 (Ⅲ-40), 49 - 58, Japanese[Refereed]
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This paper aims to present a constitutive model for unsaturated soils, which will explain not only deformation and failure under general stress state but also deformation in collapse, based on the concept of the "Modified ISMP". In this model, we propose yield curves in isotropic stress state, which mean increase in stiffness of soil skeleton induced by increase of suction, and a yield surface which is defined by the condition of a constant plastic work. Two kinds of suction controlled tests are performed on a compacted clay. And it is shown that the deformation in triaxial compression and extension tests under a constant suction and the collapse in wetting test under isotropic stress state agree with the prediction by the proposed model.
A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, 1997, PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, VOL 1, 1, 691 - 694, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
締固め供試体,および予圧密試料にサクションを与え不飽和化した供試体を用いてサクション一定の三軸圧縮試験を行った.等方圧縮過程における両者の挙動を比較することにより,バルク水およびメニスカス水が圧縮挙動へ与える影響を明らかにした.サクション応力を取り込んだ,サクション一定応力条件下における間隙比を与える式を提案し,それに基づいて導かれる等間隙比線について実験結果を検討し,その妥当性を実証した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Dec. 1996, 土木学会論文集, 554 (Ⅲ-37), 57 - 69, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
土中の水分量が多い場合は間隙を占めるバルク水が多く存在し,少ない場合はメニスカス水が多く存在すると考えられる.このような水分量の違いの影響を,サクション応力として応力成分に評価する方法を提案した.そして,サクション履歴を与えて水分量の異なる供試体を作製して三軸圧縮試験を行い,メニスカス応力およびバルク応力の合計であるサクション応力の推定値と実測値を比較することにより,その妥当性を検証した.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Mar. 1996, 土木学会論文集, 535 (Ⅲ-34), 83 - 92, Japanese[Refereed]
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飽和土の場合,空間滑動面に基づいてせん断時に得られる応力―ひずみ関係を整理すれば,応力条件に関わらず統一して整理されることが知られている.この空間滑動面の概念の不飽和土への適用性を検討した.サクション一定条件下における不飽和土の三軸圧縮試験を行い,得られた応力ひずみ関係を整理した.実験結果は,圧縮試験および伸張試験ともに応力条件に関わらず,また,サクションの大きさに関わらず統一して整理され,その適用せいが確認された.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Jun. 1994, 土木学会論文集, 493 (Ⅲ-27), 99 - 107, Japanese[Refereed]
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不飽和土供試体を用い,サクション一定条件下で等方圧密後および異方圧密後の三軸圧縮試験を実施した.得られた結果について,強度定数および応力―ひずみ関係について検討した.サクションが増加すると内部摩擦角は増加する傾向を示した.また,せん断ひずみには応力経路依存性が見られたが,体積ひずみおよび含水比には,応力征路依存性は見られなかった.これらの結果は,不飽和土の構成モデルの構築に重要な実験結果である.
Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, Jun. 1986, 土木学会論文集, 370 (Ⅲ-5), 179 - 188, Japanese[Refereed]
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