NUMA Masahiro | ![]() |
Graduate School of Engineering / Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering | |
Professor | |
Electro-Communication Engineering |
Sep. 2017 東京大学VDEC, 平成29年度VDECデザイナーズフォーラム, 優秀賞, 超低消費電力32-kHzリアルタイムクロック生成回路
Japan society
Sep. 2017 IEEE SSCS Japan Chapter, IEEE SSCS Japan Chapter VDEC Design Award, 超低消費電力32-kHzリアルタイムクロック生成回路
Japan society
May 2017 IEEE SSCS Japan Chapter, IEEE SSCS Japan Chapter Academic Research Award, リアルタイムクロックに向けた電流比較型超低電力フルオンチップRC発振器
Japan society
Aug. 2016 平成28年度 VDECデザイ ナーズフォーラム, 優秀賞, 1マイクロ秒以内の高速起動を特徴とする高精度32-MHz弛張発振器
Japan society
Jun. 2016 14th IEEE International NEWCAS Conference, Best Student Paper Award, A fully integrated, 1-us start-up time, 32-MHz relaxation oscillator for low-power intermittent systems
International society
May 2016 電子情報通信学会集積回路研究専門委員会, IEEE SSCS Japan Chapter Academic Research Award, 間欠動作型VLSIシステムに向けた高速起動可能な32-MHzフルオンチップ弛張発振器
Japan society
Abstract This paper proposes a switched-capacitor voltage buck converter (SC-VBC) with variable step-down controller (VSC) and switching frequency controller (SFC). The VSC and SFC change the step-down ratio and switching frequency of the SC-VBC in accordance with the input voltage and load current, respectively, enabling the converter to operate efficiently with a wide-ranging input voltage and load current. Measurements of a prototype chip demonstrated that our SC-VBC achieved a wide input voltage range and high efficiency of 1.3 – 2.6 V and 69%, respectively.
IOP Publishing, 08 Feb. 2023, Japanese Journal of Applied PhysicsScientific journal
Abstract This paper proposes a fully-integrated switched-capacitor (SC) voltage boost converter (VBC) with a digital maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control circuit for low-voltage and low-power energy harvesting. The proposed digital MPPT control circuit converts analog voltage information of a PV cell into digital values and extracts the maximum power regardless of the harvester conditions and load current. Measurement results demonstrated that our proposed circuit can track the maximum power point of a PV cell successfully. The maximum voltage conversion ratio of our circuit was 5.6. The proposed power management system (PMS) generated a 2.58-V output voltage from a 0.46-V input voltage. The maximum power conversion efficiency was 63.6%.
IOP Publishing, 31 Jan. 2023, Japanese Journal of Applied PhysicsScientific journal
Scientific journal
Scientific journal
Scientific journal
In the world today, we can always shoot digital videos with smartphones and share them with family or friends after editing them. It is necessary to check whether these videos have been tampered with to use them as forensic evidence in criminal investigations. This paper proposes a method for detecting tampered regions in a video where a specific subject is removed from a scene. In the proposed method, we use LSTM for the time domain analysis and UNet for the space domain analysis. The detection accuracy achieved 0.98 in terms of F-measure, even though tampered the region was deformed or moved in the video. The experimental results show superior performance in the detection of tampered regions in digital videos.
WILEY, Aug. 2020, ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, EnglishScientific journal
International conference proceedings
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes an ultra-low power active diode (ADIO) using a hysteresis common gate comparator for low-voltage and low-power energy harvesting systems. The proposed ADIO consists of a MOS switch and hysteresis common gate comparator, which eliminates unwanted ripple and noise voltages. The hysteresis comparator controls the MOS switch to turn ON or OFF, depending on the input and output voltages. The hysteresis voltages of the comparator can be controlled by the current flowing in the comparator. The measurement results demonstrated that the hysteresis comparator had 26 and 25 mV hysteresis voltages and the ADIO using the hysteresis comparator eliminated unwanted ripple voltage. The maximum current consumption of our ADIO was 11.8 nA.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jun. 2020, IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS, 17 (11), English[Refereed]
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This paper proposes an image super-resolution using convolutional neural networks (CNNS) with multiple paths.
After SRCNN was proposed by C. Dong et al., CNN-based super resolutions are getting larger and deeper. They do not work quickly without accelerators such as GPU any more. For practical use, however, we need to design CNNs with less internal parameters and low computational costs for convolution operation.
The proposed CNN architecture consists of multiple paths with different depth. While a shallow path generates low frequency components, a deep path generates high frequency ones. Finally, they are synthesized at the last layer. This architecture can reduce the number of parameters relative to its performance.
Experimental results have shown that the average processing time for the proposed CNN was only 25% of the conventional MCH while keeping high image qualities.
The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 2020, IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, 140 (6), 638 - 650, Japanese© 2019 IEEE. This paper proposes an extremely-low-voltage CMOS driver circuit for multi-stage switched-capacitor (SC) voltage boost converter (VBC). The SC VBC using a conventional driver could not generate sufficient boosted clock signals when the input voltage becomes low. This is because the output voltages of the driver degrade significantly as the input voltage decreases. To mitigate the problem, we develop the low-voltage CMOS driver circuit to improve the low-voltage operation of the SC VBC. The proposed driver consists of a ring oscillator, non-overlap clock generator, and main driver (MD) circuits. Simulated results demonstrated that the proposed driver can generate sufficient amplitude of the clock signals and the SC VBC using the proposed driver generates a 600-mV output from a 100-mV input when the voltage conversion ratio of the VBC is set to 6. The peak efficiency was 48.9% at 120-nA load current. The driver circuit can operate at 79-mV input voltage.
Nov. 2019, 2019 26th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2019, 530 - 533, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
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© 2018 IEEE. This paper proposes an ultra-low power active diode using a hysteresis common gate comparator for low-voltage and low-power energy harvesting systems. The proposed active diode consists of a MOS switch and hysteresis common gate comparator, which eliminates unwanted ripple and noise voltages. The hysteresis comparator controls the MOS switch to turn ON or OFF, depending on the input and output voltages. The hysteresis voltages of the comparator can be controlled by the current flowing in the comparator. Simulation results demonstrated that the hysteresis comparator has a -27 and 25 mV hysteresis voltages and the active diode using the hysteresis comparator eliminates unwanted ripple voltage.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 19 Feb. 2019, IEEE/IFIP International Conference on VLSI and System-on-Chip, VLSI-SoC, 2018-October, 196 - 200, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
© 2018 IEEE. This paper presents an ultra-low-power switched-capacitor (SC) voltage buck converter (VBC) with step-down-ratio and clock-frequency controllers for ultra-low-power IoT devices. The proposed VBC consists of an n/8 SC VBC, step-down ratio controller, clock (CLK) generator, load current monitor, local VDD generator, and output voltage monitor. The step-down-ratio controller monitors an input voltage and then changes the step-down ratio n/8 of the SC VBC according to the input voltage (n=5,6,7,8). This enables the SC VBC wide input voltage operation. The CLK generator with the load current monitor changes an operating clock frequency in accordance with the load current to achieve highly efficient power conversion. Simulation results demonstrated that our proposed VBC converted 1.4-2.4 V input to 1.33-1.57 V output. The power dissipation at the steady state was 14.6 nW.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 17 Jan. 2019, 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2018, 209 - 212, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
© 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. In this paper, we propose a fully integrated and area-efficient resistor-less relaxation oscillator (ROSC) for ultra-low power real-time clock (RTC) applications. The proposed ROSC is based on a conventional current-mode ROSC and is modified to be an area-efficient circuit configuration without using resistors. The proposed ROSC consists of a temperature-compensated bias current generator (BCG), proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) voltage source, current-mode ROSC, shunt regulator, and output logic circuit. The BCG, PTAT voltage source, and shunt regulator are used to compensate for the temperature characteristics of the ROSC. The area of our proposed ROSC was extremely small, 0.022 mm2. Simulated results demonstrated that our proposed ROSC generates a 32.5 kHz clock frequency and achieves ultra-low power dissipation of 271 nW. The temperature and voltage dependence of the oscillation frequency were 138 ppm/°C and 13.9 ppm/mV, respectively. Monte Carlo statistical simulations showed that the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation are 32.3, 0.6 kHz, and 1.9%, respectively. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Nov. 2018, IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 13 (11), 1633 - 1641, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
© 2018 The Japan Society of Applied Physics. In this paper, we present a wide-load-range switched-capacitor DC-DC buck converter with an adaptive bias comparator for ultra-low-power power management integrated circuit. The proposed converter is based on a conventional one and modified to operate in a wide load range by developing a load current monitor used in an adaptive bias comparator. Measurement results demonstrated that our proposed converter generates a 1.0V output voltage from a 3.0V input voltage at a load of up to 100 μA, which is 20 times higher than that of the conventional one. The power conversion efficiency was higher than 60% in the load range from 0.8 to 100 μA.
The Japan Society of Applied Physics, Apr. 2018, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 57 (4), English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
© 2018 IEEE. An analytical study of a multi-stage switched-capacitor (SC) voltage boost converter (VBC) for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting is presented. Because the output impedance of the VBC plays an important role in the VBC's performance, we developed an analytical model to achieve a highly efficient VBC. In our proposed method, we focus on currents flowing into input and output terminals of each stage and model the VBCs using switching frequency f, charge transfer capacitance Cf, and load capacitance CL. A comparison between simulated and calculated results showed that our model can estimate the output impedance of the VBC accurately. Our model is useful to compare the relative merits of different types of multi-stage SC VBCs.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Apr. 2018, Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2018-May, 1 - 5, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper presents a fully integrated 32-MHz relaxation oscillator (ROSC) capable of sub-1-mu s start-up time operation for low-power intermittent VLSI systems. The proposed ROSC employs current mode architecture that is different from conventional voltage mode architecture. This enables compact and fast switching speed to be achieved. By designing transistor sizes equally between one in a bias circuit and another in a voltage to current converter, the effect of process variation can be minimized. A prototype chip in a 0.18-mu m CMOS demonstrated that the ROSC generates a stable clock frequency of 32.6 MHz within 1-mu s start-up time. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were +/- 0.69% and +/- 0.38%, respectively.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Mar. 2018, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, E101C (3), 161 - 169, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
© 2018 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. This paper presents a fully integrated 32-MHz relaxation oscillator (ROSC) capable of sub-1-μs start-up time operation for lowpower intermittent VLSI systems. The proposed ROSC employs current mode architecture that is different from conventional voltage mode architecture. This enables compact and fast switching speed to be achieved. By designing transistor sizes equally between one in a bias circuit and another in a voltage to current converter, the effect of process variation can be minimized. A prototype chip in a 0.18-μm CMOS demonstrated that the ROSC generates a stable clock frequency of 32.6 MHz within 1-μs start-up time. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were ±0.69% and ±0.38%, respectively.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Mar. 2018, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, E101C (3), 161 - 169, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
© 2017 IEEE. This paper proposes an ultra-low-power supercapacitor voltage monitoring system (VMS) for low-voltage energy harvesting. The proposed VMS consists of a voltage divider, control logic circuit, multiplexer (MUX), sample-and-hold circuit, nano-ampere current reference (IREF), and 4-bit successive approximation register analog to digital converter (SAR ADC). The proposed VMS monitors the supercapacitor voltage and converts it into digital codes. We employ power gating technique and a nano-ampere current reference circuit to achieve ultra-low power operation. Simulation results showed that our proposed VMS achieved the DNL/INL of 0.15/0.21LSB. Its ENOB was 3.83bit at 100 Hz and the average power dissipation was 58.0 nW.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 14 Feb. 2018, ICECS 2017 - 24th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2018-January, 498 - 501, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
© 2017 IEEE. This paper proposes a fully integrated voltage boost converter (VBC) for low-voltage energy harvesting. The proposed VBC consists of three stage charge pumps (CPs) with a low-leakage driver, ring oscillator, and 4-phase clock generator. The output voltage is four times higher than an input voltage Fin. The low-leakage driver generates control signals to operate CPs with low leakage current. The amplitude of the control signals is 2VIN and does not depend on the load current. The proposed VBC achieves a wide load current, high output voltage, and high efficiency, even with a low-voltage input of the harvester. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed VBC converted 0.1-V input to 0.362-V output and 0.6-V input to 2.38-V output, when the load current is zero. The peak efficiency was 70.3% at a 0.6-V input and 1-mA load current.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 14 Feb. 2018, ICECS 2017 - 24th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2018-January, 502 - 505, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
An analytical study of a multi-stage switched-capacitor (SC) voltage boost converter (VBC) for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting is presented. Because the output impedance of the VBC plays an important role in the VBC's performance, we developed an analytical model to achieve a highly efficient VBC. In our proposed method, we focus on currents flowing into input and output terminals of each stage and model the VBCs using switching frequency f, charge transfer capacitance C-F, and load capacitance C-L. A comparison between simulated and calculated results showed that our model can estimate the output impedance of the VBC accurately. Our model is useful to compare the relative merits of different types of multi-stage SC VBCs.
IEEE, 2018, 2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
© 2018 The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. This paper proposes an image super-resolution technique with convolutional neural networks using horizontal and vertical filters. In the proposed method, calculation costs become small because square filters at a hidden layer are replaced with horizontal and vertical bar filters. Experimental results have shown that the average processing time for the proposed architecture was only a half of the conventional one while keeping high image qualities.
電気学会, 2018, IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, 138 (7), 957 - 963, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
© 2017 IEEE. In this paper, we propose a fully integrated and area-efficient resistor-less relaxation oscillator (ROSC) for ultra-low power real-time clock (RTC) applications. The proposed ROSC is based on a conventional ROSC and modified to be area-efficient circuit configuration, without using resistors. The proposed ROSC consists of a bias current source, proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) voltage source, current mode ROSC, shunt regulator, and output logic circuit. The PTAT voltage source and shut regulator are used to compensate for the temperature characteristics of the ROSC. By implementing our proposed ROSC in a 65-nm CMOS process, the area was 0.022 mm2. Simulated results demonstrated that our proposed ROSC generates 32.5-kHz clock frequency and achieves ultra-low power dissipation of 271 nW. The temperature and voltage dependences of the oscillation frequency were 138ppm/°C and 13.9ppm/mV, respectively. Monte Carlo statistical simulations showed that the mean, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation are 32.3 kHz, 0.6 kHz, and 1.9%, respectively.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 25 Sep. 2017, Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 477 - 480, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
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Scientific journal
We present a low-power and low-energy level shifter (LS) circuit that can convert extremely low-voltage input into high-voltage output. The proposed LS consists of a pre-amplifier (pre-AMP) and an output latch. The pre-AMP employs a logic error correction circuit, which generates an operating current for the pre-AMP only when the logic levels of the input and output do not correspond. The pre-AMP generates complementary amplified signals, and the latch converts them into full-swing outputs. Measurement results demonstrated that the proposed LS fabricated in 0.18-mu m CMOS technology was able to convert an extremely low-voltage input of 80 mV into a high-voltage output of 1.8 V. The energy of the proposed LS was 0.35 pJ, when the low supply voltage, high supply voltage, and input pulse frequency were 0.4 V, 1.8 V, and 10 kHz, respectively. The static power dissipation without input was 0.12 nW.
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, Aug. 2017, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS, 64 (8), 2026 - 2035, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
© 2017 The Japan Society of Applied Physics. In this paper, we present a 151 nA quiescent and 6.8mA maximum-output-current low-dropout (LDO) linear regulator for micropower battery management. The LDO regulator employs self-biasing and multiple-stacked cascode techniques to achieve efficient, accurate, and high-voltageinput-tolerant operation. Measurement results demonstrated that the proposed LDO regulator operates with an ultralow quiescent current of 151 nA. The maximum output currents with a 4.16 V output were 1.0 and 6.8mA when the input voltages were 4.25 and 5.0 V, respectively.
Apr. 2017, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 56 (4), 04CF11, English[Refereed]
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© 2017 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. This paper proposes image super-resolution techniques with multi-channel convolutional neural networks. In the proposed method, output pixels are classified into K × K groups depending on their coordinates. Those groups are generated from separate channels of a convolutional neural network (CNN). Finally, they are synthesized into a K × K magnified image. This architecture can enlarge images directly without bicubic interpolation. Experimental results of 2×2, 3×3, and 4×4 magnifications have shown that the average PSNR for the proposed method is about 0.2 dB higher than that for the conventional SRCNN.
Feb. 2017, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E100A (2), 572 - 580, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
This paper proposes image super-resolution techniques with multi-channel convolutional neural networks. In the proposed method, output pixels are classified into K x K groups depending on their coordinates. Those groups are generated from separate channels of a convolutional neural network (CNN). Finally, they are synthesized into a K x K magnified image. This architecture can enlarge images directly without bicubic interpolation. Experimental results of 2x2, 3x3, and 4x4 magnifications have shown that the average PS NR for the proposed method is about 0.2 dB higher than that for the conventional SRCNN.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Feb. 2017, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, E100A (2), 572 - 580, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
We propose a sub-1-mu s start-up time, fully integrated 32-MHz relaxation oscillator (ROSC) for intermittent VLSI systems. Our proposed ROSC employs current mode architecture that is different from conventional voltage mode architecture. This enables compact and fast switching speed to be achieved. The measurement results demonstrated that the ROSC achieved sub-1-mu s start-up time and generated stable output frequency of 32.6 MHz. Measured line regulation, temperature coefficient, and variation coefficient in 10 samples were +/- 0.69, +/- 0.38, and 0.62%, respectively.
IEEE, 2017, 2017 22ND ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE (ASP-DAC), 35 - 36, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we present an impedance matching technique in magnetic-coupling-resonance wireless power transfer system for small implantable medical devices. By developing an equivalent circuit model of the WPT system, we show that impedance matching can be realized. Electromagnetic field simulations demonstrated that our proposed technique has capability of achieving maximum input power and available efficiency without using impedance matching circuits.
IEEE, 2017, 2017 IEEE WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER CONFERENCE (WPTC 2017), 1 - 4, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. This paper presents a fully integrated voltage boost converter consisting of a charge pump (CP) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for ultra-low power energy harvesting. The converter is based on a conventional CP circuit and can deliver a wide range of load current by using nMOS and pMOS driver circuits for highly efficient charge transfer operation. The MPPT controller we propose dissipates nano-watt power to extract maximum power regardless of the harvester's power generation conditions and load current. The measurement results demonstrated that the circuit converted a 0.49-V input to a 1.46-V output with 73% power conversion efficiency when the output power was 348 μW. The circuit can operate at an extremely low input voltage of 0.21V.
Dec. 2016, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E99A (12), 2491 - 2499, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper presents a fully integrated voltage boost converter consisting of a charge pump (CP) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for ultra-low power energy harvesting. The converter is based on a conventional CP circuit and can deliver a wide range of load current by using nMOS and pMOS driver circuits for highly efficient charge transfer operation. The MPPT controller we propose dissipates nano-watt power to extract maximum power regardless of the harvester's power generation conditions and load current. The measurement results demonstrated that the circuit converted a 0.49-V input to a 1.46-V output with 73% power conversion efficiency when the output power was 348 mu W. The circuit can operate at an extremely low input voltage of 0.21V.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Dec. 2016, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, E99A (12), 2491 - 2499, English[Refereed]
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International conference proceedings
This paper proposes a fully-integrated high-conversion-ratio dual-output voltage boost converter (VBC) with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuits for low-voltage energy harvesting. The VBC consists of two voltage generators that generate V-OUT1 and V-OUT2. V-OUT1 and V-OUT2 are three and nine times higher than the harvester's output V-IN, respectively. V-OUT1 is used as a supply voltage for on-chip application circuits while V-OUT2 is used as the charging voltage for a Li-ion secondary battery. The VBC achieves a high voltage conversion ratio (max. x 9) and a high power conversion efficiency. The MPPT circuits control the operating frequencies of the CPs to extract maximum power at each output. The measurement results demonstrated that the circuit converted a 0.59 V input to a 1.41 V output with 75.8% efficiency when the output powers of V-OUT1 and V-OUT2 were 396 and 0 mu W, respectively, and a 0.62 V input to a 4.54 V output with 49.1% efficiency when the output powers were 0 and 114 mu W, respectively.
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, Oct. 2016, IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, 51 (10), 2398 - 2407, English[Refereed]
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This paper proposes an effective noise reduction approach for retinal tomography. Tomographic images include many speckle and impulse noises. The conventional approach removes them by averaging ten or more continuous shots in a second. However, the averaging often causes a blur or disappearance of the diseased part because patient's eyeball moves in three dimensions during the continuous shooting. This paper proposes a new approach based on locally weighted averaging to reduce noise while being diagnosed. Results of the comparative experiments have shown that the proposed approach can hold the feature of the diagnosis part, while the conventional approach loses it.
Research Institute of Signal Processing, Japan, Apr. 2016, Journal of Signal Processing, 20 (4), 217 - 220, English[Refereed]
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In this paper, we present a fully on-chip switched-capacitor DC–DC converter for low-voltage CMOS LSIs. The converter has three terminals of input, ground, and output, by developing control circuits with fully on-chip configuration. We employ an ultra low-power nanoampere bias current and voltage reference circuit to achieve ultra low-power dissipation of control circuits. It enables us to realize a highly efficient power conversion circuit at light-load-current applications. The converter achieves highly efficient and robust voltage conversion using a pulse frequency modulation control circuit and a start-up/fail-safe circuit. Measurement results demonstrated that the converter can convert a 3.0 V input into 1.2 V output successfully. The start-up and fail-safe operations were confirmed through the measurement. The efficiency was more than 50% in the range of 2–6 µA load current.
The japan society of applied physics, Mar. 2016, Japanese journal of applied phisycs, 55 (4s), 04EF09 - 1-04EF09-5, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
This paper proposes image super-resolution techniques with multi-channel convolutional neural networks (CNN). In the proposed method, output pixels are classified into four groups depending on their positions. Those groups are generated from separate channels of the CNN. Finally, they are synthesized into a 2x2 magnified image. This architecture can enlarge images directly without bicubic interpolation. Experimental results have shown that the average PSNR for the proposed method achieves 36.88 dB, which is 0.39 dB higher than that for the conventional SRCNN.
IEEE, 2016, 2016 14TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL NEW CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NEWCAS), 1 - 4, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes a fully integrated 32-MHz relaxation oscillator (ROSC) capable of fast start-up time operation for low-power intermittent VLSI systems. The proposed ROSC employs current mode architecture that is different from conventional voltage mode architecture. This enables compact and fast switching speed to be achieved. By designing transistor sizes equally between one in a bias circuit and another in a voltage to current converter, the effect of process variation can be minimized. A prototype chip in a 0.18-mu m CMOS demonstrated that the ROSC generates a stable clock frequency of 32.6 MHz within 1-mu s start-up time. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were +/-0.69% and +/-0.38%, respectively.
IEEE, 2016, 2016 14TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL NEW CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NEWCAS), 1 - 4, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
A compact and low-power current-mode RC oscillator (RCO) with process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) stability has been developed. The circuit employs a current-mode RCO architecture without using a conventional comparator based voltage-mode architecture. The current-mode architecture enables a compact RCO and faster switching speed to be achieved. By designing transistor sizes equally between one in a bias circuit and another in a voltage to current converter, the effect of process variation can be minimized. A prototype chip in a 0.18-mu m CMOS process demonstrated that the RCO generates a stable clock frequency of 32.7 kHz with a small area of 0.19 mm 2 and low-power dissipation of 54.2 nW at 0.85-V power supply, which achieves a figure of merit (FoM) of 1.66 nW/kHz. The measured temperature coefficient and line regulation were 99.5ppm/degrees C and 8.9ppm/mV, respectively.
IEEE, 2016, ESSCIRC CONFERENCE 2016, 149 - 152, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We present a power transmitter coil design for millimeter-size small wireless sensor nodes to improve coupling coefficient. We also develop a wireless power transfer (WPT) system using resonant coupling to achieve higher power transfer efficiency. Simulation results demonstrated that the power transfer efficiency was 60% at z-gap = 10 mm. Compared with conventional system, coupling coefficient was improved about 2.5 times higher and the power transfer efficiency was improved by 3% when z-gap = 10 mm.
IEEE, 2016, 2016 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (ISAP), 512 - 513, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we develop an analytical model of a rectifier circuit that is used in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, considering the switching timing, ON/OFF resistance, and load characteristics of the rectifier. The model enables us to estimate the performance of the rectifier and optimum load resistance that maximizes the output power and the power efficiency. The model can be extended into Y parameter, which is useful when we consider to develop multi-stage rectifier circuit. By comparing the derived model with the circuit simulation, we confirmed that the performance of the rectifier can be estimated with high accuracy.
IEEE, 2016, 2016 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (ISAP), 338 - 339, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes a DC-DC converter for ultra low power battery management. The proposed circuit consists of a switched capacitor converter (SCC) and self-biased linear regulator (SBLR). The SBLR monitors an output load current and controls the switching frequency of the SCC to achieve both ultra-low stand-by power and wide load current capability. Measurement results demonstrated that the converter successfully converts a 4.2-V input into a 0.98-V output. The stand-by power was extremely low, 0.38 mu W. The load current range where the power conversion efficiency was higher than 50% was from 2 mu A to 1 mA. The efficiency was 54% when the input voltage and output power were 4.0 V and 0.97 mW, respectively.
IEEE, 2016, 2016 IEEE ASIAN SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS CONFERENCE (A-SSCC), 225 - 228, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes a fully integrated 32-MHz relaxation oscillator (ROSC) capable of fast start-up time operation for low-power intermittent VLSI systems. The proposed ROSC employs current mode architecture that is different from conventional voltage mode architecture. This enables compact and fast switching speed to be achieved. By designing transistor sizes equally between one in a bias circuit and another in a voltage to current converter, the effect of process variation can be minimized. A prototype chip in a 0.18-mu m CMOS demonstrated that the ROSC generates a stable clock frequency of 32.6 MHz within 1-mu s start-up time. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were +/-0.69% and +/-0.38%, respectively.
IEEE, 2016, 2016 14TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL NEW CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NEWCAS), 101-C (3), 161 - 169, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we propose a low-power circuit-shared static flip-flop ((CSFF)-F-2) for extremely low power digital VLSIs. The (CSFF)-F-2 consists of five static NORs and two inverters (INVs). The (CSFF)-F-2 utilizes a positive edge of a buffered clock signal, which is generated from a root clock, to take data into a master latch and a negative edge of the root clock to hold the data in a slave latch. The total number of transistors is only 24, which is the same as the conventional transmission-gate flip flop (TGFF) used in the most standard cell libraries. SPICE simulations in 0.18-mu m standard CMOS process demonstrated that our proposed (CSFF)-F-2 achieved clock-to-Q delay of 18.3 ns, setup time of 10.0 ns, hold time of 5.5 ns, and power dissipation of 9.7nW at 1-MHz clock frequency and 0.5-V power supply. The physical design area increased by 16% and power dissipation was reduced by 13% compared with those of conventional TGFF. Measurement results demonstrated that our proposed (CSFF)-F-2 can operate at 0.352V with extremely low energy of 5.93 fJ.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Dec. 2015, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, E98A (12), 2600 - 2606, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. In this paper, we propose a low-power circuit-shared static flip-flop (CS2FF) for extremely low power digital VLSIs. The CS2FF consists of five static NORs and two inverters (INVs). The CS2FF utilizes a positive edge of a buffered clock signal, which is generated from a root clock, to take data into a master latch and a negative edge of the root clock to hold the data in a slave latch. The total number of transistors is only 24, which is the same as the conventional transmission-gate flip flop (TGFF) used in the most standard cell libraries. SPICE simulations in 0.18-μm standard CMOS process demonstrated that our proposed CS2FF achieved clock-to-Q delay of 18.3 ns, setup time of 10.0 ns, hold time of 5.5 ns, and power dissipation of 9.7nW at 1-MHz clock frequency and 0.5-V power supply. The physical design area increased by 16% and power dissipation was reduced by 13% compared with those of conventional TGFF. Measurement results demonstrated that our proposed CS2FF can operate at 0.352V with extremely low energy of 5.93 fJ.
The institute of electronics, information and communication engineers (IEEE), Dec. 2015, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E98A (12), 2600 - 2606, English[Refereed]
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© 2015 IEEE. In this paper, we propose a low-power level shifter (LS) capable of converting extremely low-input voltage into highoutput voltage. The proposed LS consists of a pre-amplifier with a logic error correction circuit and an output latch stage. The pre-amplifier generates complementary amplified signals, and the latch stage converts them into full-swing output signals. Simulated results demonstrated that the proposed LS in a 0.18-μm CMOS process can convert a 0.19-V input into 1.8-V output correctly. The energy and the delay time of the proposed LS were 0.24 pJ and 21.4 ns when the low supply voltage, high supply voltage, and the input pulse frequency, were 0.4, 1.8 V, and 100 kHz, respectively.
27 Jul. 2015, Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2015-July, 2948 - 2951[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes an ultra-low power fully on-chip CMOS relaxation oscillator (ROSC) for a real-time clock application. The proposed ROSC employs a compensation circuit of a comparator's non-idealities caused by offset voltage and delay time. The ROSC can generate a stable, and 32-kHz oscillation clock frequency without increasing power dissipation by using a low reference voltage and employing a novel compensation architecture for comparators. Measurement results in a 0.18-mu m CMOS process demonstrated that the circuit can generate a stable clock frequency of 32.55 kHz with low power dissipation of 472nW at 1.8-V power supply. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were 1.1%/V and 120 ppm/degrees C, respectively.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, May 2015, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, E98C (5), 446 - 453, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. This paper proposes an ultra-low power fully on-chip CMOS relaxation oscillator (ROSC) for a real-time clock application. The proposed ROSC employs a compensation circuit of a comparator's non-idealities caused by offset voltage and delay time. The ROSC can generate a stable, and 32-kHz oscillation clock frequency without increasing power dissipation by using a low reference voltage and employing a novel compensation architecture for comparators. Measurement results in a 0.18-μm CMOS process demonstrated that the circuit can generate a stable clock frequency of 32.55 kHz with low power dissipation of 472 nW at 1.8-V power supply. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were 1.1%/V and 120 ppm/°C, respectively.
The institute of electronics, information and communication engineers (IEEE), 01 May 2015, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, E98C (5), 446 - 453, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
© 2015 The Japan Society of Applied Physics. In this paper, we present a rail-to-rail folded-cascode amplifier (AMP) with adaptive biasing circuits (ABCs). The circuit uses a nano ampere current reference circuit to achieve ultralow-power and ABCs to achieve high-speed operation. The ABCs are based on conventional circuits and modified to be suitable for rail-to-rail operation. The measurement results demonstrated that the AMP with the proposed ABCs can operate with an ultralowpower of 384 nA when the input voltage was 0.9V and achieve high speeds of 0.162V/μs at the rise time and 0.233V/μs at the fall time when the input pulse frequency and the amplitude were 10 kHz and 1.5 Vpp, respectively.
The Japan Society of Applied Physics (JSAP), Apr. 2015, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 54 (4), 1 - 7, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
© 2015 IEEE. We propose a fully integrated 3-terminal voltage converter with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting. The MPPT circuit dissipates nano-watt power to extract maximum output power. The measurement results demonstrated that the circuit converted a 0.49-V input to a 1.46-V output with 73.6% power conversion efficiency when the output power was 348 μW. The circuit can operate at an extremely low input voltage of 0.21 V.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 11 Mar. 2015, 20th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC 2015, 30 - 31, English[Refereed]
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© IEICE 2015. In this paper, we present an ultra-low voltage Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) SubBytes transformation (S-BOX) circuit. The S-BOX is widely used as a basic cryptographic primitive for the secure transaction in wireless sensor networks. We employ an asynchronous circuit design technique for low-voltage operations to achieve ultra-low power dissipation. In the proposed approach, we apply a quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) design methodology to the asynchronous S-BOX circuit to reduce the spurious transitions in combinational logics and to increase robustness against PVT variations. Measurement results in 0.18-µm CMOS process demonstrated that our asynchronous S-BOX circuit consumes only 0.99-pJ at 330-mV, which is 12% less energy than that of synchronous one. QDI asynchronous circuits in the datapath are an effective solution in the near-threshold and sub-threshold regimes.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), 30 Jan. 2015, IEICE Electronics Express, 12 (4), 1 - 10, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In this paper, we propose a low-power level shifter (LS) capable of converting extremely low-input voltage into high-output voltage. The proposed LS consists of a pre-amplifier with a logic error correction circuit and an output latch stage. The pre-amplifier generates complementary amplified signals, and the latch stage converts them into full-swing output signals. Simulated results demonstrated that the proposed LS in a 0.18-mu m CMOS process can convert a 0.19-V input into 1.8-V output correctly. The energy and the delay time of the proposed LS were 0.24 pJ and 21.4 ns when the low supply voltage, high supply voltage, and the input pulse frequency, were 0.4, 1.8 V, and 100 kHz, respectively.
IEEE, 2015, 2015 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), 2948 - 2951, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes a fully-integrated high-conversion-ratio dual-output voltage boost converter (VBC) with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuits for low-voltage energy harvesting. The VBC consists of two voltage generators that generate V-OUT1 and V-OUT2. V-OUT1 and V-OUT2 are three and nine times higher than the harvester's output V-IN, respectively. V-OUT1 is used as a supply voltage for on-chip application circuits while V-OUT2 is used as the charging voltage for a Li-ion battery. The VBC achieves a high voltage conversion ratio (max. x 9) and a high power conversion efficiency with a small number of charge pumps (CPs). The MPPT circuits control the operating frequencies of the CPs to extract maximum power at each output. The measurement results demonstrated that the circuit converted a 0.59-V input to a 1.41-V output with 75.8% efficiency when the output powers of V-OUT1 and V-OUT2 were 396 and 0 mu W, respectively, and a 0.62-V input to a 4.54-V output with 49.1% efficiency when the output powers were 0 and 114 mu W, respectively.
IEEE, 2015, 2015 IEEE ASIAN SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS CONFERENCE (A-SSCC), 297 - 300, English[Refereed]
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A fully on-chip CMOS relaxation oscillator (ROSC) with a PVT variation compensation circuit is proposed in this paper. The circuit is based on a conventional ROSC and has a distinctive feature in the compensation circuit that compensates for comparator's non-idealities caused by not only offset voltage, but also delay time. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can generate a stable clock frequency of 6.66 kHz. The current dissipation was 320 nA at 1.0-V power supply. The measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were 0.98%/V and 56 ppm/ °C, respectively. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), Jun. 2014, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, E97-C (6), 512 - 518, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
A fully on-chip CMOS relaxation oscillator (ROSC) with a PVT variation compensation circuit is proposed in this paper. The circuit is based on a conventional ROSC and has a distinctive feature in the compensation circuit that compensates for comparator's non-idealities caused by not only offset voltage, but also delay time. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can generate a stable clock frequency of 6.66 kHz. The current dissipation was 320 nA at 1.0-V power supply. The measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were 0.98%/V and 56 ppm/degrees C, respectively.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jun. 2014, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, E97C (6), 512 - 518, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
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In this paper, we propose a low-power circuit-shared static flip-flop (CS2 FF) for extremely low power digital VLSIs. The CS2 FF consists of five static NORs and two inverters (INVs). The CS2 FF utilizes a positive edge of a buffered clock signal, which is generated from a root clock, to take data into a master latch and a negative edge of the root clock to hold the data in a slave latch. The total number of transistors is only 24, which is the same as the conventional tri-state buffer based flip flop (TBFF) used in the most standard cell libraries. SPICE simulations in 0.18-mu m standard CMOS process demonstrated that our proposed (CSFF)-F-2 achieved clock-to-Q delay of 17.4 ns, setup time of 5.91 ns, hold time of 1.17 ns, and power dissipation of 15.4 nW at 1-MHz clock frequency and 0.5-V power supply. The physical design area increased by 21% and power dissipation was reduced by 26% compared with those of conventional TBFF. Our proposed CS2 FF can operate at 0.347 V with extremely low power of 6.61 nW, 33% less than that of TBFF.
IEEE, 2014, 2014 IEEE 12TH INTERNATIONAL NEW CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NEWCAS), 137 - 140, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes a fully integrated voltage boost converter with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit for ultra-low power energy harvesting. The converter is based on a conventional charge pump circuit and can deliver a wide range of load current by using nMOS and pMOS driver circuits for highly efficient switching operation. The MPPT circuit we propose dissipates nano-watt power to extract maximum power regardless of the harvester's power generation conditions and load current. The measurement results demonstrated that the circuit converted a 0.49-V input to a 1.46-V output with 73.6% power conversion efficiency when the output power was 348 mu W. The circuit can operate at an extremely low input of 0.21 V.
IEEE, 2014, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 40TH EUROPEAN SOLID-STATE CIRCUIT CONFERENCE (ESSCIRC 2014), 255 - 258, English[Refereed]
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学習型超解像の辞書を二分木構造化する手法を提案する.本論文では,辞書内の事例探索アルゴリズムに二分木探索を用いることで,高速処理と高画質化を実現した.実験の結果,従来の探索時間のオーダをO(N)からO(2log_2N)に高速化し,PSNRを約0.6dB改善できることを確認した.
電子情報通信学会, Feb. 2013, 電子情報通信学会論文誌, J96-D (2), 357 - 361, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
This paper presents bandgap reference (BGR) and sub-BGR circuits for nanowatt LSIs. The circuits consist of a nano-ampere current reference circuit, a bipolar transistor, and proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) voltage generators. The proposed circuits avoid the use of resistors and contain only MOSFETs and one bipolar transistor. Because the sub-BGR circuit divides the output voltage of the bipolar transistor without resistors, it can operate at a sub-1-V supply. The experimental results obtained in the 0.18-μm CMOS process demonstrated that the BGR circuit could generate a reference voltage of 1.09 V and the sub-BGR circuit could generate one of 0.548 V. The power dissipations of the BGR and sub-BGR circuits corresponded to 100 and 52.5 nW. © 1966-2012 IEEE.
IEEE, 2013, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 48 (6), 1530 - 1538, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
This paper proposes an ultra-low power fully on-chip CMOS relaxation oscillator (ROSC) for a real-time clock application. The circuit has a distinctive feature in compensation architecture of a comparator's non-idealities caused by offset voltage and delay time. The ROSC can generate a stable and higher oscillation clock frequency without increasing power by using a low reference voltage and employing a novel compensation architecture for comparators. Measurement results in a 0.18-μm CMOS process demonstrated that the circuit can generate a stable clock frequency of 32.55 kHz. The power dissipation was 472 nW. Measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were 1.1%/V and 120ppm/°C, respectively. © 2013 IEEE.
2013, European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 315 - 318, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
[Refereed]
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This paper presents a level shifter circuit capable of handling extremely low-voltage inputs. The circuit has a distinctive current generation scheme using a logic error correction circuit that works by detecting the input and output logic levels. The proposed level shifter circuit can convert low-voltage digital input signals into high-voltage digital output signals. The circuit achieves low-power operation because it dissipates operating current only when the input signal changes. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can convert a 0.23-V input signal into a 3-V output signal. The power dissipation was 58 nW for a 0.4-V 10-kHz input pulse.
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, Jul. 2012, IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, 47 (7), 1776 - 1783, English[Refereed]
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This paper presents an ultra-low power CMOS amplifier (AMP) using a simple and novel adaptive biasing current circuit (ABCC). The circuit uses a nano-ampere current source to achieve nano-watt power dissipation and the adaptive biasing technique to achieve high speed operation. The ABCC monitors the input voltages and supplies adaptive biasing current to the AMP. Because the adaptive biasing current is generated only when the AMP does not maintain its virtual short characteristic in the feedback configuration, the circuit operates with nano-watt power dissipation. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can operate with ultra-low power of 325 nA and high speed of 0.0506 V/μs at the rise time and 0.0579 V/μs at the fall time, when the input pulse frequency and the amplitude were 1 kHz and 0.8 Vpp. © 2012 IEEE.
IEEE, 2012, European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 69 - 72, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
A low-power single-slope analog-to-digital converter (SS ADC) is presented that uses an ultra-low-power reference current to achieve nano-watt power dissipation and a digital calibration function to compensate for the effect of process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. It converts two analog reference voltages into digital reference codes before it converts the input voltage into an input digital code. The SS ADC is tolerant to PVT variations due to the processing of the input digital code and two reference codes in the digital domain. A prototype was fabricated in the 180 nm CMOS process. Measurements demonstrated that it achieved a signal-to-noise- and-distortion ratio of 40.8 dB and an effective number of bits of 6.49 at a sampling rate of 800 S/s. It dissipated 174 nW in analog power and 36.5 nW in digital power, corresponding to the figure of merit for the 293 pJ/conversion-step.
IEEE, 2012, 2012 19TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ICECS), 613 - 616, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
A fully on-chip CMOS relaxation oscillator (ROSC) with a PVT variation compensation circuit is proposed in this paper. The circuit is based on a conventional ROSC and has a distinctive feature in the compensation circuit that compensates for comparator's non-idealities caused by offset voltage and delay time. We also developed a bias circuit consisting of positive and negative temperature coefficient resistors to obtain the temperature compensated clock frequency. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can generate a stable clock frequency of 6.66 kHz. The power dissipation was 940 nW. The measured line regulation and temperature coefficient were 0.98%/V and 56ppm/degrees C, respectively.
IEEE, 2012, 2012 19TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ICECS), 97 - 100, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
[Refereed]
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We propose a subthreshold Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) circuit architecture with improved write ability. Even though the circuits can achieve ultra-low power dissipation in subthreshold digital circuits, the performance is significantly degraded with threshold voltage variations due to the fabrication process and temperature. Because the write operation of SRAM is prone to failure due to the unbalance of threshold voltages between the nMOSFET and pMOSFET, stable operation cannot be ensured. To achieve robust write operation of SRAM, we developed a compensation technique by using an adaptive voltage scaling technique that uses an on-chip threshold voltage monitoring circuit. The monitoring circuit detects the threshold voltage of a MOSFET with the on-chip circuit configuration. By using the monitoring voltage as a supply voltage for SRAM cells, write operation can be compensated without degrading cell stability. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the proposed SRAM architecture exhibits a smaller write operation failure rate and write time variation than a conventional 6T SRAM.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jun. 2011, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, E94C (6), 1042 - 1048, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In this paper, we propose a level shifter circuit capable of handling a wide input voltage range. The circuit is based on a conventional two-stage comparator, and has a distinctive feature in that it operates a current amplification scheme for ultra low-power operation. The proposed circuit can convert low-voltage input digital signals into high-voltage output digital signals. The circuit achieves low power dissipation because it dissipates operating current only when the input signals change. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can convert low voltage input signals of 0.4V into 3V output signals. The power dissipation was 0.15 mu W at 0.4-V and 10-kHz input pulse.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jun. 2011, IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS, 8 (12), 890 - 896, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
フラクタル画像符号化を応用した解像度変換手法を提案する.自己相似性を探索する際のブロックの形状とサイズを工夫することにより,高速処理と高画質化を実現した.実験では従来手法の処理時間が24%以上短縮され,更に主観的な品質が向上することを確認した.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Apr. 2011, 電子情報通信学会論文誌, vol. J94-D, no. 4, pp. 742-745 (4), 742 - 745, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
We have developed a low-power current reference circuit with little temperature dependence for micro-power LSIs in a 0.35-mu m standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. The proposed circuit consists of a bias-voltage subcircuit, a current-source subcircuit, and an offset-voltage generation (OVG) subcircuit. The OVG subcircuit consists of a subthreshold MOS resistor ladder. It is used to generate a small offset voltage that is independent of temperature and compensates for the temperature dependence of the reference current. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed circuit generated a 95-nA reference current and that the total power dissipation was 598 nW. The temperature coefficient of the reference current can be kept within 523 ppm/degrees C at temperatures from -20 to 100 degrees C. (C) 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
IOP PUBLISHING LTD, Apr. 2011, JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 50 (4), English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Research institution
A low-power current reference circuit was developed in a 0.35-μm standard CMOS process. The proposed circuit utilizes an offset-voltage generation subcircuit consisting of subthreshold MOS resistor ladder and generates temperature compensated reference current. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed circuit generated a 95-nA reference current, and that the total power dissipation was 586 nW. The temperature coefficient of the reference current can be kept small within 523ppm/°C in a temperature range from -20 to 100°C. ©2011 IEEE.
2011, Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC, 113 - 114[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
A delay-compensation circuit for low-power subthreshold digital circuits is proposed. Delay in digital circuits operating in the subthreshold region of MOSFETs changes exponentially with process and temperature variations. Threshold-voltage monitoring and supply-voltage scaling techniques are adopted to mitigate such variations. The variation in the delay can be significantly reduced by monitoring the threshold voltage of a MOSFET in each LSI chip and exploiting the voltage as the supply voltage for subthreshold digital circuits. The supply voltage generated by the threshold voltage monitoring circuit can be regarded as the minimum supply voltage to meet the delay constraint. Monte Carlo SPICE simulations demonstrated that a delay-time variation can be improved from having a log-normal to having a normal distribution. A prototype in a 0.35-mu m standard CMOS process showed that the exponential delay variation with temperature of the ring-oscillator frequency in the range from 0.321 to 212 kHz can remain by using compensation in the range from 5.26 to 19.2 kHz.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jan. 2011, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS, E94C (1), 80 - 88, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In this paper, we propose a level shifter circuit capable with a wide input voltage range. The circuit is based on a conventional two-stage comparator, and has a distinctive feature in current generation scheme by monitoring input and output logic levels. The proposed circuit can convert low voltage input digital signals into high voltage output digital signals. The circuit achieves low power operation because it dissipates operating current only when the input signals change. A SPICE demonstrated that the circuit can convert low voltage signals of 0.4 V into 3 V. The power dissipation was 6 nW at 0.4-V and 1-kHz input pulse. The circuit is useful for an ultra-low voltage digital circuit system co-existing with high voltage digital circuit systems. © 2011 IEEE.
2011, 2011 IEEE 9th International New Circuits and Systems Conference, NEWCAS 2011, pp. 201-204, 201 - 204, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We propose a current latch sense amplifier with a current-reuse technique (CLSA-w/CR). The CLSA-w/CR is capable of high-speed pre-charging with little increase in power dissipation. The CLSA-w/CR controls body bias voltages of pre-charge transistors in a conventional CLSA. Even though a forward body bias control over MOSFETs can achieve highspeed operation of the circuit, it induces large substrate leakage current and increases the power dissipation of the circuit. The CLSA-w/CR we propose, however, can achieve high-speed pre-charging without increasing power dissipation. We evaluated the performance of the CLSA-w/CR using SPICE with a set of 0.35/.L m standard CMOS parameters. The pre-charge time decreased by 86.9% and the power dissipation increased by only 8.6% compared to that of a conventional CLSA. The CLSA-w/CR showed high-speed pre-charging with small power overhead.
IEEE, 2011, 2011 IEEE 54TH INTERNATIONAL MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (MWSCAS), Wp2Track2_1-1, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
A level shifter circuit capable of extremely low-voltage inputs is presented in this paper. The circuit has a distinctive feature in current generation scheme with logic error correction circuit by detecting input and output logic levels. The proposed circuit can convert low-voltage input digital signals into high-voltage output digital signals. The circuit achieves low-power operation because it dissipates operating current only when the input signals change. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can convert low-voltage input signals of 0.4 V into 3 V output signals. The power dissipation was 58 nW at 0.4-V and 10-kHz input pulse. © 2011 IEEE.
2011, European Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 199-202, 199 - 202, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We propose an ultra-low power thermal sensor consisting of a nano-ampere CMOS current source circuit and a single bipolar transistor. Since the stability of current source circuits is the most important issue for our thermal sensor, we developed a circuit with an improved process and temperature stability. Our simulations and the measurements we conducted on the proposed thermal sensor demonstrated that it can be robustly operated in a wide temperature range. The power dissipation of the circuit was 105 nW for a 3-V power supply. The accuracy was within +/- 1 degrees C in a wide temperature range of -20 to 120 degrees C.
IEEE, 2011, 2011 IEEE SENSORS, pp. 1265-1268, 1265 - 1268, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
An ultra-low power comparator circuit using adaptive bias current generator (ABCG) is proposed. The circuit consists of an input differential pair, an ABCG, and a latch circuit. The ABCG generates an adaptive bias current, and the latch circuit determines the output logic and controls the operation of the ABCG for ultra-low power dissipation. The ABCG and the latch operate only when the input voltage levels and the logic of the latch do not correspond with each other. Measurements demonstrated that the circuit can achieve highspeed and low-power dissipation due to such operation. The standby current was 18.9 nA with a 10-nA bias current. The power dissipation was 88.5 nW at a 1-kHz input frequency and 3-V supply voltage. © 2011 IEEE.
2011, 2011 Proceedings of Technical Papers: IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference 2011, A-SSCC 2011, pp. 237-240, 237 - 240, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We describe an automatic video digesting technique for broadcasted baseball games based on information entropies derived from an overlayed score ticker. The overlayed score ticker of baseball games displays the current score of each team, the inning, and the number of balls/strikes/outs, and whether or not there are runners on base. This information is used to estimate specific events in baseball that we defined: 3 runner situations, 8 batting results, and 4 types of scores. Rare events such as a "home run" have higher information entropy, and frequent events such as "out" have lower entropy. We suppose that an event with higher information entropy is a more important scene for video digesting. Thus, the scenes with higher entropies are selected by priority and embedded into a limited timeline. In our experiment, we applied our technique to broadcasted baseball games and compared it with a conventional sound volume based technique. The two techniques were evaluated subjectively by watching generated videos. We found that our technique has higher performance.
Dec. 2010, Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 64 (12), 1940 - 1943, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In this paper, we propose an error diagnosis technique based on clustering LUT elements to shorten the processing time. By grouping some elements as a cluster, our technique reduces the number of elements to be considered, which is effective to shorten the processing time for screening error location sets. First, the proposed technique partitions the circuit into FFR (fanout-free region) called cluster, which is a subcircuit composed of LUT elements without fanout. After screening the set of clusters including error locations, this technique screens error location sets composed of elements in the remaining set of clusters, where corrections should be made. Experimental results with benchmark circuits have shown that our technique shortens the processing time to 1/170 in the best case, and rectifies circuits including 6 errors which cannot be rectified by the conventional technique. Copyright © 2010 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
Dec. 2010, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E93-A (12), 2490 - 2496, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Supply voltage scaling in accordance with device scaling has achieved low power dissipation of CMOS LSIs. Because each circuit block in an LSI requires suitable supply voltages, the large voltage gap between each circuit block makes it hard to convert signals between circuit blocks. Therefore, a level converter to solve this problem is a key component for low-voltage LSIs. In this paper, a level converter tolerant to large suply-voltages-gap has been deveolped in a 0.35-μm CMOS process. It can achieve low power operation because it dissipates supply current only when the input signal changes. Measurement results showed that the level converter transformed sinals of 0.4V to 3V.
The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 2010, ITE Technical Report, 34, 133 - 138, JapaneseWe propose the use of a super-resolution (SR) technique for thermographies. This system captures several thermal images for a reconstruction-based SR. However, it does not require the subpixel registration required by conventional SRs. In this system, a pair of a low-resolution thermal image and a high-resolution visible image is captured synchronously. While the thermal images are used as source data for SR, the visible images are used for pixel registrations. Because the resolution of the visible images from CCD sensors is over 4 times higher than that of the thermal images, a simple pixel registration on the former is equivalent to a precise subpixel registration on the latter. Thus, we can reconstruct a high quality thermogram without the need for a complex subpixel registration technique. Experimental results demonstrate that a pair of a thermographic camera with only 8 x 8 pixels and a visible CCD camera with 320 x 240 pixels generates a thermogram with 32 x 32 pixels. This fact means that a pair of a low cost thermographic camera and a standard CCD camera provides high-quality thermography. ©2010 IEEE.
2010, ISCAS 2010 - 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems: Nano-Bio Circuit Fabrics and Systems, 1895 - 1898[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we propose a subthreshold Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) circuit architecture with improved write ability. In subthreshold digital circuits, though the circuits can achieve ultra-low power dissipation, the performance is significantly degraded with threshold voltage variations due to the fabrication process and temperature. In particular, because the write operation of SRAM is prone to fail due to the unbalance of threshold voltages between the nMOSFET and pMOSFET, stable operation cannot be ensured. To achieve robust write operation of SRAM, we developed a compensation technique by using an adaptive voltage scaling technique that uses an onchip threshold voltage monitoring circuit. The monitoring circuit detects the threshold voltage of a MOSFET with the on-chip circuit configuration. By using the monitoring voltage as a supply voltage for SRAM cells, write operation can be compensated. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the proposed SRAM architecture exhibits a less write operation failure rate and smaller write time variation than a conventional 6T SRAM. © 2010 IEEE.
2010, Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 133 - 136[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we propose a low-power current reference circuit with little temperature dependence for micro-power electronics applications. The current reference circuit consists of a bias-voltage subcircuit, a current-source subcircuit, and an offset-voltage generation subcircuit. The offset-voltage generation subcircuit is used to compensate for temperature dependence of the reference current. A SPICE simulation demonstrated that the circuit generates a 93-nA current, and the total power dissipation is 811 nW. The temperature coefficient of the reference current can be kept small, i.e., within 288ppm/°C, in a temperature range of -20 to 100°C. © 2010 IEEE.
2010, Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 668 - 671[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper proposes CMOS bandgap reference (BGR) and sub-BGR circuits without resistors for nanowatt power LSIs. The BGR circuit consists of a nano-ampere current reference, a bipolar transistor, and a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) voltage generator. The PTAT voltage generator consists of source-coupled differential pairs and generates a positive temperature dependent voltage. The PTAT voltage generator compensates for negative temperature dependence of a base-emitter voltage in a PNP bipolar transistor. The circuit generates a bandgap voltage of silicon. The sub-BGR circuit uses a voltage divider to generate low-voltage sub-bandgap reference. Experimental results demonstrated that the BGR and sub-BGR circuits can generate a 1.18-V and 553-mV reference voltages, respectively. The power dissipation of the BGR and sub-BGR circuits were 108-nW and 110-nW, respectively. ©2010 IEEE.
2010, 2010 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, A-SSCC 2010, 77 - 80[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We have developed a nano-ampere CMOS current reference circuit that is tolerant to threshold voltage variations. This paper describes the circuit and its temperature dependence control technique for ultra-low power LSIs. Because the generated current increases with temperature, we propose a temperature dependence control architecture for a reference current by using the different temperature characteristics of "electron" and "hole" mobilities. Experiment results demonstrated that the circuit can generate a temperature compensated reference current of 9.95 nA and that the temperature dependence of the output reference current can be controlled by using the different temperature dependences of electron and hole mobilities. The temperature dependence controllability was 8.57 pA/°C·bit and its total current dissipation was 68.1 nA. ©2010 IEEE.
2010, ESSCIRC 2010 - 36th European Solid State Circuits Conference, 114 - 117[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper presents an error diagnosis technique for incremental synthesis, called EXLLS (Extended X-algorithm for LUT-based circuit model based on Location sets to rectify Subcircuits), which rectifies five or more functional errors in the whole circuit based on location sets to rectify subcircuits. Conventional error diagnosis technique, called EXLIT, tries to rectify five or more functional errors based on incremental rectification for subcircuits. However, the solution depends on the selection and the order of modifications on subcircuits, which increases the number of locations to be changed. To overcome this problem, we propose EXLLS based on location sets to rectify subcircuits, which obtains two or more solutions by separating i) extraction of location sets to be rectified, and ii) rectification for the whole circuit based on the location sets. Thereby EXL LS can rectify five or more errors with fewer locations to change. Experimental results have shown that EXLLS reduces increase in the number of locations to be rectified with conventional technique by 90.1%. Copyright © 2009 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
Dec. 2009, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E92-A (12), 3136 - 3142, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Instability of SRAM memory cells derived from aggressive technology scaling has become one of the most significant issues. Although lowering the supply voltage for a memory cell (VDDM) improves a write margin, which increases the access time. In this paper, we propose a memory cell employing a Look-ahead Active Body-biasing (LAB) scheme for SOI-SRAM with the dynamic VDDM control. Simulation results have shown that the proposed SRAM cell shortens the access time by 54% in the write mode, while expanding read and write margins and reducing effects of variations in the threshold voltage on them. © IEICE 2009.
Apr. 2009, IEICE Electronics Express, 6 (8), 456 - 460, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
This paper presents an automatic video-digesting technique for broadcasted baseball games based on telop data on TV. We analyze a progress of a baseball game with score telops and collect important scenes based on information entropies for baseball events. Since rare events such as "home run" have high entropies and frequent events such as "out" have low ones, we collect a scenes including high entropy events. Thus a digest video including much information for limited time is generated. In the experiments, we compared the proposed technique with a conventional technique based on sound information and ensured its utility.
The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 2009, ITE Technical Report, 33, 25 - 28, JapaneseSubthreshold LSIs can achieve ultra-low power. However, threshold voltage variations with temperature and fabrication process have significant impact on the circuit performance. In subthreshold digital circuits, delay time changes exponentially with threshold-voltage variations. To solve this problem, we propose a delay-compensation technique for subthreshold digital circuits. On-chip threshold-voltage monitoring and supply-voltage scaling are adopted to mitigate threshold-voltage variations. As examples of subthreshold digital circuits, we have evaluated the delay time in a ring oscillator and an 8-bit ripple carry adder. With the proposed techinque, the delay time can be improved from log-normal to normal distribution.
The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 2009, ITE Technical Report, 33, 165 - 170, JapaneseThis paper describes a switching-voltage detector and compensation circuits for an ultra-low-voltage CMOS inverter. The switching voltage of an inverter is an important design parameters for a digital circuit, and is determined by the difference in threshold voltages between MOSFETs. However, switching voltage varies significantly with fabrication process conditions and temperature. To address this problem, we have developed a threshold voltage difference detector circuit. We have also proposed a possible compensation technique for the inverter. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the threshold voltage detector circuit can monitor the threshold voltage difference between pMOSFET and nMOSFET, and that the proposed inverter can achieve 80% reduction in switching-voltage variation compared to a conventional CMOS inverter. © 2009 IEEE.
2009, Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 483 - 486[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we propose delay-compensation techniques for subthreshold digital circuits. Delay in digital circuits that are operated in the subthreshold region of a MOSFET changes exponentially with variations in threshold voltage. To mitigate such variations, threshold-voltage monitoring and supply-voltage scaling techniques are adopted. By monitoring the threshold voltage of each LSI chip and exploiting the voltage to supply voltage to subthreshold digital circuits, variations in delay time can be suppressed significantly. Monte Carlo SPICE simulation demonstrates that delay-time distribution can be improved from log-normal to normal. The coefficient of variation for the proposed technique is 31%. © 2009 IEEE.
2009, Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 503 - 506[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
Crosstalk repair by gate sizing often increases the noise on adjacent wires, and results in cyclical iterations of noise repair. We propose a Delayed Actively Body-bias Controlled (D-ABC) SOI scheme for crosstalk noise repair by providing delayed forward bias to drivers. The delay between gate and body suppresses the crosstalk noise on adjacent wires. The proposed D-ABC SOI scheme has reduced the crosstalk noise by 48.5%, with 4.3% increase in the crosstalk noise on adjacent wires. © IEICE 2008.
10 May 2008, IEICE Electronics Express, 5 (9), 354 - 360, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Instability of SRAM memory cells derived from the process variation and lowered supply voltage has recently been posing significant design challenges for low power SoCs. This paper presents a boosted word line voltage scheme, where an active body-biasing controlled boost transistor generates a pulsed word line voltage by capacitive coupling only when accessed. Simulation results have shown that the proposed approach not only shortens the access time but mitigates the impact of Vth variation on performance even at ultra low supply voltage less than 0.5 V. © 2008 Academy Publisher.
Academy Publisher, 2008, Journal of Computers, 3 (5), 34 - 40, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
An important issue with MTCMOS circuits is the energy consumption for charging virtual P/G lines during the sleep/active mode transitions. Charge recycling is an effective technique to reduce it. We propose a technique to reuse more charge by dividing a circuit into several blocks, where the charge is transferred between the properly selected pairs. Assuming ideal situation, we can improve the energy saving ratio up to 63.6% from 50%. Our scheme uses the additional control circuit employing only a delay circuit to minimize the power overhead. The proposed method has improved the ratio by 10.0%, and total power by 7.1%. © IEICE 2007.
25 Sep. 2007, IEICE Electronics Express, 4 (18), 562 - 568, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Instability of SRAM memory cells derived from aggressive technology scaling has been recently one of the most significant issues. Although a 7T-SRAM cell with an area-tolerable separated read port improves read margins even at sub-1V, it unfortunately results in degradation of write margins. In order to assist the write operation, we address a new memory cell employing a look-ahead body-bias which dynamically controls the threshold voltage. Simulation results have shown improvement in both the write margins and access time without increasing the leakage power derived from the body-bias. Copyright © 2007 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication, Engineers, IEICE, 2007, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, E90-A (12), 2691 - 2694, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Instability of SRAM memory cells derived from aggressive technology scaling has recently been one of the most significant issues. Although a 7T-SRAM cell with an areatolerable separated read port improves read margins even at sub-1V, it unfortunately results in degradation of write margins. Then, we address a new memory cell adopting a lookahead body-bias which dynamically controls the threshold voltage in order to assist the write operation. Simulation results have shown improvement in both the write margins and access time. ©2007 IEEE.
2007, Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 578 - 581, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In this paper, we propose an Active Body-biasing Controlled (ABC)-Bootstrap PTL (Pass-Transistor Logic) on PD-SOI for ultra low power design. Although simply lowering the supply voltage (VDD) causes a lack of driving power, our boosted voltage scheme employing a strong capacitive coupling with ABC-SOI improves a driving power and allows lower voltage operation. We also present an SOI-SRAM design boosting the word line (WL) voltage higher than VDD in short transition time without dual power supply rails. Simulation results have shown improvement in both the delay time and power consumption. Copyright © 2007 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication, Engineers, IEICE, 2007, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, E90-C (4), 666 - 674, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
This paper presents an SOI-SRAM design employing a bootstrap scheme for ultra low voltage operation. The Active Body-biasing Control (ABC) with PD-SOI is a key idea to enhance the boosting effect owing to a strong capacitive coupling. Our ABC-bootstrap scheme enables boosting the word line (WL) voltage higher than the supply voltage in short transition time without dual power supply rails. Simulation results have shown improvement in both the access time and operation at ultra low supply voltage less than 0.5 V.
IEEE, 2007, 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON VLSI DESIGN, PROCEEDINGS, pp. 609-614, 609 - +, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We developed a technique to detect duplicated scenes, such as commercial messages, TV program theme songs, and repeated scenes from MPEG streams. Conventional matching techniques require numerous calculations to estimate similarity between scenes. In our technique, similarity is estimated with compressed code sizes without decoding pictures. We divided scenes into shots by detecting cut points, which probably correspond to large segments of generated code in MPEG streams. Pictures in these shots are not decoded, but only shot lengths are used for scene matching. If a series of shot lengths for scene A is the same as that for scene B, we can infer that both scenes are identical. This technique, called shot length matching (SLM), requires no image processing and works very fast. We applied SLM to 80 min. MPEG streams stored on an hard disk drive to detect and delete duplicated scenes, and we obtained 99.5 % precision and a processing time of 0.157 s.
Nov. 2006, Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 60 (11), 1823 - 1828, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
The dual supply voltage (dual-VDD) scheme reduces the active power consumption without performance degradation by using two power supply rails. However, an increase in the delay due to the scaled-down supply voltage has made assigning the lower supply voltage (VDDL) more difficult in the conventional dual-VDD scheme. We propose a technique for the dual-VDD scheme employing the Active Body-biasing Control (ABC) on PD-SOI, which increases the number of VDDL-cells owing to lowered threshold voltage. Simulation results have shown our approach effectively reduces the power consumption even at low voltage operation.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Nov. 2006, IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS, 3 (21), 453 - 458, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In MTCMOS, the circuit state should be preserved for state retentive sleep, and the virtual power/ground rails clamp (VRC) scheme is an effective method for this purpose. Our approach realizes the voltage clamp function without additional devices like diodes, by feeding the virtual ground voltage back into a sleep signal. There are also other effects; cutting off the leak current of the sleep buffer, and charge recycling of sleep signal node. We have achieved a 19.7% lower power consumption and a 5.4% cell area reduction.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jun. 2006, IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS, 3 (12), 281 - 286, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
A triple density Error Diffusion for medical monochrome LCDs is proposed to improve their gray-scale precisions. In addition, a measurement technique of image qualities based on E-MSE (Eye model-based Mean Square Error) is proposed. Several conventional techniques for medical LCDs, such as Sub-Pixel Modulation and Error Diffusion, are evaluated based on E-MSE and the validity of the proposed technique is ensured objectively.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Jun. 2006, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, E89A (6), 1866 - 1868, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
We propose estimation technique of user preferences for TV programs based on channel operations. The user preferences are available for automatic recommendation of TV programs. For practical use, automatically learning the preferences of a user from a channel selection history is important. However, obtaining such information is difficult because most users change channels frequently and do not watch programs from beginning to end. For automatic learning under such situations, an appropriate hypothesis describing the relationship between viewing time and preference degree for a program is needed. We propose three hypotheses and compared their utility in our program recommendation system. Experimental results showed that the preference for a TV program is not proportional to the viewing time, but becomes either 1 (like) or 0 (dislike) about 30 minutes after channel selection.
Mar. 2006, Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers, 60 (3), 454 - 457, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In this paper, we propose a new technique for higher circuit speed without increase in leakage current by using active body-bias controlling technique. Conventional body-bias controlling techniques face difficulties, such as long transition time of body voltage and large area penalty. To overcome these issues, we propose a Charge Recycling Active Body-bias Controlled (CRABC) circuit scheme on SOI which enables quick control of body voltage by using simple additional circuit. The SPICE simulation results have shown that CRABC shortens delay time by 20%, and transition time for controlling body-bias by 98%.
SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN, 2006, INTEGRATED CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM DESIGN: POWER AND TIMING MODELING, OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION, 4148, 393 - 402, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In this paper, we propose an Active Body-biasing Controlled (ABC)-Bootstrap PTL (Pass-Transistor Logic) on PD-SOI at 0.5 V-V-DD for ultra low power design. Applying active body-biasing to Bootstrap PTL is the key for higher performance without output voltage loss by boosting gate voltage with coupling capacitance between source and body. Lowering V-th by body biasing also contributes for high speed operation. Experimental results have shown improvement in both delay time and power consumption.
IEEE, 2005, 2005 IEEE International SOI Conference, Proceedings, pp. 50-51, 50 - 51, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
[Refereed]
This paper presents a novel layout approach using dual supply voltage technique. In Placing and Routing (P&R) phase, conventional approaches for dual supply voltages need to separate low supply voltage cells from high voltage ones. Consequently its layout tends to be complex compared with single supply voltage layout. Our layout approach uses cells having two supply voltage rails. Making these cells is difficult in bulk due to increase in area by n-well isolation or in delay by negative body bias caused by sharing n-well. On the other hand, making cells with two supply voltage rails is easy in body-tied PD-SOI owing to trench isolation of each body of transistor. Since our approach for dual supply voltages offers freedom for placement as much as conventional ones for single supply voltage, exsting P&R tools can be used without special operation. Simulation results with MCNC circuits and adders show that our approach reduces power by 23% and 25%, respectively, showing almost the same delay with single supply voltage layout.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Dec. 2004, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, E87A (12), 3244 - 3250, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
We propose an approach for higher performance of circuits in SOI LSI based on Active Body Bias (ABB) method. Although conventional ABB method using limiter transistors has been less effective for high speed circuits due to delay of body bias voltage, we improve performance by using signals from previous stages or by focusing on difference of signal arrival times. From the results of circuit simulation, we have confirmed that our technique improves circuit speed by 15% in comparison with conventional approach for a Manchester Carry Chain Adder. Also with an MUX circuit, the standby leakage current has been reduced to 1/20 of that by the DC-bias method.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 2004, 情報処理学会論文誌,45(5),1244-1250, 48,226-228 (5), 1244 - 1250, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
In order to reduce FFT circuit area in OFDM demodulator for terrestrial digital broadcasting system in Japan, we propose an approach to reduce bit width for operations without performance degradation of the demodulator. The most important point is employing 11-bit skipping-point representation for internal operation in FFT instead of 14-bit fixed-point representation. The assignment of bit-fields that minimizes BER (Bit Error Rate) has been chosen for the 11-bit skipping-point representation: 10 bit for significand, and I bit for radix-16 exponent. By reducing the bit width for internal operation from 14 to 11, we can reduce the circuit area by 17.6 % with the complex multipliers, and by 21.4 % with the RAM's used in FFT. In total, the area of the whole FFT circuit has been reduced by 18 %. This result shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.
IEEE, 2004, PROCEEDINGS OF 2004 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED SYSTEM INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, 430-431, 430 - 431, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
As pixels in quantized images such as GIF formatted images with 256 colors are usually represented by index numbers in a color Palette, it is impossible to get high efficient compression by using conventional predictive coding to such images. In this paper, a novel predictive coding approach is proposed for images with quantized colors. In this approach, the prediction error is not a index number difference between an original color and its predicted color, but a value called as "pseudo distance" which is related to the Euclidian distance between these two colors in the 3-D color space. As the pseudo distance is small when the predicted color is perceptually close to the original color, the distribution of the pseudo distance is peaklike resulting in low entropy. Preliminary computer simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the index based linear prediction.
IEEE, 2004, 2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL I, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 1,245-247, 245 - 247, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper presents a technique for reducing leakage power of the circuits employing a clock gating scheme on Partially Depleted Silicon On Insulator (PD-SOI). To reduce leakage power while a local clock is disabled, V-th of each transistor is dynamically controlled by body biasing corresponding to the mode of the local clock. Using PD-SOI is the key to control V-th within one clock cycle by forward biasing, where V-th without biasing is designed higher than usual to reduce leakage power. The SPICE simulation results have shown that the proposed technique reduces leakage power by 82% with small area penalty.
IEEE, 2004, 2004 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 2, PROCEEDINGS, 11,613-616, 613 - 616, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
An optical image processing to improve image quality on flat panel displays is proposed. In this method, grid lines between adjacent pixels are hidden by scattering their luminescence areas. It can restrain jaggies and moires on images. The validity of the proposed technique is evaluated with eye model-based SNR objectively.
IEEE, 2004, 2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL I, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 1,305-308, 305 - 308, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
We propose an approach for higher performance on SOI employing Look-Ahead type Active Body Bias (LA-ABB) method to control the threshold voltage (V-th) Of transistors dynamically. Although conventional ABB method using subsidiary transistors has been less effective for high-speed circuits due to delay of body bias voltage, we improve performance by using signals from previous stages or by focusing on difference of signal arrival times. Experimental results by circuit simulation have shown that our technique is effective to shorten delay time even with high-speed circuits on SOI.
IEEE, 2004, 2004 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 2, PROCEEDINGS, 11,405-408, 405 - 408, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In an LSI design process, Engineering Change Orders (ECO's) are often given due to logic design errors, changes of specification, and timing issue. This paper presents an improved technique called EXLIT to rectify multiple logic design errors using LUT-based circuit model, which is needed to rectify errors with compound cells often used in standard-cell design. In contrast to the conventional technique: EXLTV applicable only to four errors at the maximum, EXLIT rectifies ten errors by employing iterative diagnosis procedure for subcircuits extracted based on the correctness of primary output functions. By handling the sulicircuits, EXLIT reduces both the number of LUT's and the number of errors to be considered at once. Experimental results demonstrate that most of circuits including eight to ten design errors can be rectified within shorter processing time.
IEEE, 2004, 2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL I, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 1,525-528, 525 - 528, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
[Refereed]
We propose a method to reduce the circuit size with demodulators for BS digital broadcasting and for terrestrial broadcasting by integrating them. Specifically, we propose an approach for integrating an FIR filter in a BS demodulator, and a carrier filter in a demodulator for terrestrial broadcasting. Experimental results have shown that the proposed approach reduces 17 % of the circuit size compared with the sum of each filter.
IEEE, 2004, PROCEEDINGS OF 2004 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED SYSTEM INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, 416-417, 416 - 417, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
This paper presents adaptive arithmetic coding of prediction errors in lossless image compression. Generally, a probability distribution of the errors forms Laplacian distribution with zero mean, but the variance sigma of the distribution may take different value at each local area in the image. The proposed encoder estimates the variance sigma at every pixel to update the probability table. First, at a target pixel, the variance sigma that maximizes the posterior probabilities of neighboring errors is calculated. Next, the error at the target pixel is encoded by arithmetic coding based on probability distribution with the variance a. Since this method calculates the probabilities from fewer neighboring errors, they respond to the rapid changes of image characteristic in narrow area. In this paper, the proposed method is compared with Lempel-Ziv, Huffman, static/adaptive arithmetic coding and JPEG arithmetic coding, and then compression ratios are discussed. On an average, it generates 5% smaller size of compressed data than the adaptive arithmetic method by JPEG.
IEEE, 2004, 2004 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 3, PROCEEDINGS, 111,961-964, 961 - 964, English[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
In an LSI design process, Engineering Change Orders (ECO's) are often given even after the layout process. This letter presents an approach to change the design to satisfy the new specification with ECO's by employing an error diagnosis technique. Our approach performs incremental synthesis using spare cells embedded on the original layout. Experimental results show that applying the error diagnosis technique to incremental synthesis is effective to suppress increase in delay time caused by ECO's.
IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG, Dec. 2003, IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES, E86A (12), 3214 - 3217, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
International conference proceedings
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
We present a layout design approach for pass-transistor logic circuits with lower power and delay by reducing wiring complexity based on a library-free approach and multiple row placement style for pass-transistors in the cells. This approach has two features: on-the-fly generation of dedicated cells of sizes larger than conventional predesigned cells, and placement of transistors in the cells based on the structure of BDD for the given logic function. Experimental results for benchmark circuits and a Wallace tree for 16-bit multiplier have shown lower energy-delay products than conventional approaches including CMOS logic circuits.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 2003, 情報処理学会論文誌, 44(5),1292-1300 (5), 1292 - 1300, Japanese[Refereed]
Scientific journal
[Refereed]
Scientific journal
We present a layout design approach for pass-transistor logic circuits with lower power and delay by reducing wiring complexity based on a library-free approach and multiple row placement style for pass-transistors in the cells. This approach has two features: on-the-fly generation of dedicated cells of sizes larger than conventional predesigned cells, and placement of transistors in the cells based on the structure of BDD for the given logic function. Experimental results for benchmark circuits and a Wallace tree for 16-bit multiplier have shown lower energy-delay products than conventional approaches including CMOS logic circuits.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 2003, 11th Workshop on Synthesis and System Integration of Mixed Technologies(SASIMI2003), 47-53 (5), 1292 - 1300, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Layered blind deconvolution using interband prediction is proposed as a solution to the image recovery problem. With conventional layered blind deconvolution, it was difficult to recover high-band components after subband segmentation. With the proposed algorithm, high-band components are generated from low-band components using interband prediction, and synthesized results are used as initial images for subsequent layers, thus improving the quality of recovered images. The efficiency of interband prediction is proved through comparison in recovery performance between the proposed and conventional method.
Scripta Technica Inc, Mar. 2000, Systems and Computers in Japan, 31 (3), 77 - 83, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
A novel approach for data transmission in N-ISDN (narrow band integrated services digital network) is proposed here. This approach uses the ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) technology normally applied to B-ISDN (broad band ISDN) and provides high performance for the simultaneous transmission of several types of burst information using a single N-ISDN line. It will be compatible to B-ISDN in the future, In this paper, the proposed transmission model is first outlined, including its system description, the layer construction and the functional elements. Then, the transmission protocol is described in detail. Finally, a simulation system is realized, and the performance of the transmission system is confirmed by the simulation results which show the usefulness of the proposed data transmission mode.
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, Feb. 1995, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, 43 (2-4), 1785 - 1792, English[Refereed]
Scientific journal
Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based image super-resolutions are widely used as a high-quality image-enhancement technique. However, in general, they show little to no luminance isotropy. Thus, we propose two methods, "Luminance Inversion Training (LIT)" and "Luminance Inversion Averaging (LIA)," to improve the luminance isotropy of CNN-based image super-resolutions. Experimental results of 2× image magnification show that the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) using Luminance Inversion Averaging is about 0.15-0.20dB higher than that for the conventional super-resolution.
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers(IEICE), 01 Jul. 2020, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, 103 (7), 955 - 958, EnglishThis paper studies the function approximation of visual importance map that can be used for general purposes in image quality assessment. Conventional techniques that estimate the visual importance by eye tracking have many problems such as a loss of time, an enormous effort of a preliminary experiment, and an expensive equipment. Therefore, by analyzing the correlation between SSIM in local areas and subjective evaluation of the image, we estimate the human's gazing area and create the visual importance map. Experimental results have shown the high correlation between subjective evaluation and weighted SSIM based on the visual importance map. The proposed technique can be used widely even if the ROI is unknown.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 13 Dec. 2013, 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報, 113 (350), 11 - 14, JapaneseThis paper proposes a new JPEG codec in which super-resolution technique.AC coefficients are predicted from DC coefficients by a
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 06 Dec. 2012, IEICE technical report. Image engineering, 112 (335), 27 - 30, JapaneseOthers
JPEG コーデックの内部で算出される DC 成分に対して 8×8 倍の超解像拡大を行うことにより, AC 成分を予測・生成する方式を提案する.This paper proposes a new JPEG codec in which AC coefficients are predicted from DC coefficients by a super-resolution technique.
29 Nov. 2012, 研究報告オーディオビジュアル複合情報処理(AVM), 2012 (6), 1 - 4, JapaneseThis paper studies a SSIM based-quality assessment for color images. Though SSIM metrics is similar to human subjective evaluation for gray-scale images, it can not evaluate images including degradations in color difference signals because it evaluates only a luminance signal. We incorporate new evaluation terms for the color difference signals into the conventional formula. The weights for them are determined in our experiment subjectively. Experimental results showed that the correlation coefficient between SSIM and subjective evaluation was improved.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 05 Oct. 2012, 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IMQ, イメージ・メディア・クオリティ : IEICE technical report, 112 (234), 7 - 10, JapaneseThis paper studies a VSNR based-quality assessment for color images. Though VSNR metrics is similar to human subjective evaluation for gray-scale images, it can not evaluate images including degradations in color difference signals because it evaluates only a luminance signal. We incorporate new evaluation terms for the color difference signals into the conventional formula. The weights for them are determined in our experiment subjectively. Experimental results showed that the proposed assessment has high correlation to the human subjective evaluation.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 22 Mar. 2012, Technical report of IEICE. PRMU, 111 (499), 193 - 198, JapaneseIn this paper, a novel dictionary construction technique for example based super-resolution is proposed. Conventional technique needs enormous number of images to make a dictionary describing pairs of low frequency components and high frequency components. As a result, the dictionary size increases and the search speed decreases. On the other hand, our goal is to maximize the ratio between PSNR and dictionary size. We use only a image to make a very small dictionary with a binary tree structure. Experimental results have shown that the proposed dictionary of only 536 patches can improve PSNR about 1 dB.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 11 Nov. 2011, IEICE technical report. Image engineering, 111 (284), 35 - 40, JapaneseA level shifter circuit capable of extremely low-voltage inputs is presented in this paper. The circuit consists of a level conversion circuit and a logic error correction circuit. The level conversion circuit generates output voltage signal according to the voltage difference between complementary input signals. The logic error correction circuit has a distinctive feature in current generation scheme by detecting input and output logic levels. The proposed circuit can convert low-voltage input digital signals into high-voltage output digital signals. The circuit achieves low-power operation because it dissipates operating current only when the input signals change. Measurement results demonstrated that the circuit can convert low-oltage input signals of 0.4V into 3V output signals. The power dissipation was 58 nW at 0.4-V and 10-kHz input pulse.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 14 Jul. 2011, IEICE technical report, 111 (151), 1 - 6, JapaneseWe propose a current latch sense amplifier with a current-reuse technique (CLSA-w/CR). The CLSA-w/CR is capable of high-speed pre-charging with little increase in power dissipation. The CLSA-w/CR controls body bias voltages of pre-charge transistors in a conventional CLSA. Even though a forward body bias control over MOSFETs can achieve high-speed operation of the circuit, it induces large substrate leakage current and increases the power dissipation of the circuit. The CLSA-w/CR we propose, however, can achieve high-speed precharging without increasing power dissipation. We evaluated the performance of the CLSA-w/CR using SPICE with a set of 0.35- μm standard CMOS parameters. The pre-charge time decreased by 86.9% and the power dissipation increased by only 8.6% compared to that of a conventional CLSA. The CLSA-w/CR showed high-speed pre-charging with small power overhead.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 14 Jul. 2011, IEICE technical report, 111 (151), 7 - 12, Japanese本稿では,回路構造を考慮した修正箇所抽出に基づく論理診断手法を提案する.従来の論理診断手法 EXLLS 法では,処理時間の増加により,5 箇所以上の誤りを同時に修正することができなかった.また,各不一致外部出力を頂点とする部分回路に対する論理診断処理によって,修正箇所を抽出するため,回路全体の修正には不要な箇所を抽出する可能性があった.提案手法では,回路構造を考慮して分割した部分回路から修正箇所候補を抽出する.具体的には,部分回路に対する修正箇所候補集合の生成処理の際に,1) クラスタ単位での組合せ箇所の絞込み処理と,2) 複数の不一致外部出力をまとめた部分回路に対する論理診断処理,を行う.これにより処理時間を短縮し,一度に 6 箇所の設計誤りまでの修正を可能とする.また回路全体の修正には不要な箇所の抽出を抑えることが可能となる.実験結果より,従来手法では修正不可能な回路例のうち,84.4% の回路で修正解が得られるとともに処理時間は最大 1/14 に削減され,提案手法の有効性が確認された.In this paper, we present an error diagnosis technique based on error location extracted from subcircuit using circuit structure. Conventional error diagnosis technique, called EXLLS, cannot rectify five or more errors in a subcircuit at the same time due to increase of processing time. Furthermore, this method can extract useless locations for rectifing the whole circuit due to diagnosis for each error subcicuit. Our technique extracts error locations from subcircut considering circuit structure. Concretely, we propose the two methods in the process of extracting error locations, i) screening error location sets using cluster of elements and ii) extracting error locations for multiple subcircuit which has two or more incorrect primary outputs. Thereby, this method shortens the processing time and can rectify six errors at the same time. Moreover, we can reduce the possibility of extracting locations which are not needed to rectify the whole circuit. Experimental results have shown that the proposed technique rectifies 84.4% circuits which cannot be corrected by conventional one. Furthermore, the processing time has been shortened by 1/14 in the best case.
情報処理学会, 25 Nov. 2009, 研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2009 (33), 1 - 6, Japanese本稿では,ハイブリッド型 CMOS 論理構成 4-2 加算器によって,乗算器のグリッチを削減する手法を提案する.従来のグリッチ削減手法では,信号の同期を図る付加回路による面積・消費電力の増加が問題であった.提案する加算器は,多段接続によりオン抵抗が高くなるパス・トランジスタ論理/トランスミッション・ゲートを利用して,付加回路を必要とせずにグリッチを削減する.また,駆動力の高い CMOS 論理を組み合わせ,動作速度の低下を抑制する.シミュレーションの結果,グリッチの動作率を 1/12 に削減できることを確認した.In this paper, we propose a technique to reduce glitches in a multiplier. Conventional techniques using flip-flops for synchronization increase area and power. Our 4-2 compressor using hybrid-CMOS logic style reduces glitches without additional circuits by using pass-transistor logic and transmission-gate which act like a high resistance when they are cascaded. In addition, CMOS inverter reduces speed deterioration. Evaluation results by simulation have shown that the proposed technique reduces glitch activity by 1/12.
情報処理学会, 25 Nov. 2009, 研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2009 (20), 1 - 6, JapaneseOrthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is used for Japanese terrestrial digital broadcasting. High speed mobile reception of OFDM signals is seriously hampered by inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to the Doppler shift. In this paper, we propose a method to improve performance of mobile reception by subtracting ICI from OFDM signals. By using a simplified model of the transmission characteristic, we can reduce the computational cost. The simulation results assuming a typical urban area shows improvement of hte maximum moving speed from about 175km/h to about 247km/h when RF Frequency is 800 MHz.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 31 Jul. 2007, IEICE technical report, 107 (183), 19 - 23, JapaneseSince the 8-VSB system used for terrestrial digital broadcasting system in U.S.A. is weak to multi-path disturbance, an equalizer using filter with many taps for multi-path removal is needed in the 8-VSB demodulator of a receiver. Therefore, the equalizer occupies the largest area in the 8-VSB demodulator. We propose a technique to reduce circuit area for 8-VSB equalizer by allocating multipliers with necessary bit length based on transmission line presumption using the result of correlation operation. The simulation results have shown that both circuit area and power consumption for multipliers are reduced by about 40%.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 12 May 2006, 情報処理学会研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2006 (41), 61 - 66, JapaneseWe propose an Active Body-biasing Controlled (ABC)-Bootstrap PTL (Pass-Transistor Logic) on PD-SOI at 0.5 V-V_
In this paper, we propose a new technique in order to achieve speed up without increase in leakage current by using actively body-bias controlling technique. Conventional body-bias controlling techniques have some problems, such as very slow bias controlling operation and large area penalty. To solve this problem, we propose a Charge Recycling Actively Body-bias Controlled (CRABC) circuit on SOI which uses the charge kept in pMOS's body for nMOS's body-bias and controls the body voltage in short transition time using simple additional circuit. According to the SPICE simulation, we have confirmed that CRABC shortens delay time by 20% and controls the body voltage within a few clocks.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 16 Dec. 2005, IEICE technical report, 105 (476), 37 - 42, JapaneseIn recent years, image processing technologies to support safe driving are extensively studied. Driver's head tracking is important for such applications as doze monitor, automatic adjustment of headrest, and driver's face recognition. However, it is very difficult to trace the driver's head position due to noisy light condition inside the car. For robust head tracking under such condition, we propose a technique to divide the driver's image from background with a near-infrared pulse lighting. Experimental results for driving in the night, the proposed technique can trace a driver's head position with a mean detection error of 3.78cm.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 05 Sep. 2005, 情報処理学会研究報告高度交通システム(ITS), 2005 (89), 19 - 23, JapaneseIn recent years, image processing technologies to support safe driving are extensively studied. Driver's head tracking is important for such applications as doze monitor, automatic adjustment of headrest, and driver's face recognition. However, it is very difficult to trace the driver's head position due to noisy light condition inside the car. For robust head tracking under such condition, we propose a technique to divide the driver's image from background with a near-infrared pulse lighting. Experimental results for driving in the night, the proposed technique can trace a driver's head position with a mean detection error of 3.78cm.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 05 Sep. 2005, 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告, 105 (259), 19 - 23, JapaneseThis paper presents a novel layout approach using dual supply voltage technique. In Placing and Routing (P&R) phase, conventional approaches for dual supply voltages need to separate low supply voltage cells from high voltage ones. Consequently its layout tends to be complex compared with single supply voltage layout. Our layout approach uses cells having two supply voltage rails. Making these cells is difficult in bulk due to increase in area by n-well isolation or in delay by negative body bias caused by sharing n-well. On the other hand, making cells with two supply voltage rails is easy in body-tied PD-SOI owing to trench isolation of each body of transistor. Since our approach for dual supply voltages offers freedom for placement as much as conventional ones for single supply voltage, exsting P&R tools can be used without special operation. Simulation results with MCNC circuits and adders show that our approach reduces power by 23% and 25%, respectively, showing almost the same delay with single supply voltage layout.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 01 Dec. 2004, IEICE transactions on fundamentals of electronics, communications and computer sciences, 87 (12), 3244 - 3250, EnglishThis paper presents a technique for reducing leakage power of the circuits employing a clock gating scheme on Partially Depleted Silicon On Insulator (PD-SOI). To reduce leakage power while a local clock is disabled, V_
In an LSI design process, Engineering Change Orders (ECO's) are often given even after the layout process. This letter presents an approach to change the design to satisfy the new specification with ECO's by employing an error diagnosis technique. Our approach performs incremental synthesis using spare cells embedded on the original layout. Experimental results show that applying the error diagnosis technique to incremental synthesis is effective to suppress increase in delay time caused by ECO's.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 01 Dec. 2003, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, A, 86 (12), 3214 - 3217, EnglishThis paper presents a predictive coding technique for palletized images based on nearness ordering. Pixels in palletized images such as GIF formatted images with 256 colors are usually represented by index numbers in a color palette. To such images, it is impossible to get high efficient compression by using Lossless JPEG or CALIC because (1) the predictor does not work well for index numbers and (2) prediction errors depend on the order of colors in the palette. We propose a predictive coding with the idea of nearness ordering to overcome these problems. A nearness rank is a value assigned to each color based on the distance from the predicted color in 3-D color space. Our entropy coder encodes not prediction errors between predicted colors and original colors, but the nearness ranks assigned to these original colors. Experimental results of high compression ratios for palletized images, such as logos or dithering pictures, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 15 Oct. 2002, Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan, 43 (10), 3191 - 3198, JapaneseWe propose a novel sub-band video coding technique based on wavelet transform with motion compensation employing prediction of motion vectors for the higher sub-bands based on those in the lowest sub-band. Correlation between motion vectors for sub-bands is successfully used to shorten the processing time as well as the total code length. Experimental results using software implementation have shown 25% shorter processing time than the conventional full search method. Furthermore, we have implemented the video encoder including the proposed technique, called DVC-W (Digital Video Codec based on Wavelet transform), by hardware using FPGA's and memories. The clock frequency needed for real-time processing has been reduced to 78% by the proposed technique.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 23 May 2002, 情報処理学会研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2002 (46), 79 - 84, JapaneseWe propose a novel sub-band video coding technique based on wavelet transform with motion compensation employing prediction of motion vectors for the higher sub-bands based on those in the lowest sub-band. Correlation between motion vectors for sub-bands is successfully used to shorten the processing time as well as the total code length. Experimental results using software implementation have shown 25% shorter processing time than the conventional full search method. Furthermore, we have implemented the video encoder including the proposed technique, called DVC-W (Digital Video Codec based on Wavelet transform), by hardware using FPGA's and memories. The clock frequency needed for real-time processing has been reduced to 78% by the proposed technique.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 17 May 2002, Technical report of IEICE. VLD, 102 (73), 37 - 42, JapaneseWe present an improved synthesis method for low power circuits combining CMOS and pass transistor logic (PTL) based on the previous method using decomposition graphs obtained as the result of simple disjunctive decomposition. The proposed method introduces a few techniques for sharing larger part of sub-circuits in a multi-output circuit. In addition, we have developed a standard cell library to evaluate our method based on the layout results using commercial layout tools. This cell library have been applied to the layout design of benchmark circuits, and we have evaluated the results. As the result, power dissipation has been reduced by 48% compared to CMOS, and by 7% to PTL, and by 7% to the previous method in average for 16 circuits.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 15 May 2002, Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan, 43 (5), 1357 - 1360, Japanese本論文では, LUT型FPGAで実現された組合せ回路に含まれる多重設計誤りの修正を行うEXL法を提案する.本手法では, 誤り追跡入力と呼ばれるパターンに基づく処理と, BDDに基づく論理関数処理を組み合わせている.パターンに基づく処理では, 従来のゲート回路を対象とする拡張X-伝搬法と同様に, 考慮すべき組合せ箇所数を大幅に削減することを目的とする.一方, 論理関数処理においては, 残存する各組合せ箇所について, LUT内部の機能を正しく決定することを目的とする.これら2種類の手法を併用することにより, 現実的な処理時間で、100%の限定率が達成された.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 01 Oct. 2001, The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineers., 84 (10), 1474 - 1483, JapaneseLogic functions can be implemented with fewer transistors based on the pass transistor logic (PTL) than on the static CMOS logic in many cases, but not always. For simple functions such as (N) OR and (N) AND, static CMOS logic circuits can often be implemented with fewer transistors than PTL. In order to reduce transistor counts for lower power dissipation, we propose a method to synthesize logic circuits combining CMOS and PTL based on the decomposition graph obtained as the result of simple disjunctive decomposition for a given logic function. Based on the decomposition graph, we implement simple functions with CMOS logic. On the other hand, we implement the other functions with PTL based on sliced BDD (Binary Decision Diagram) to reduce buffer counts. On a set of 40 MCNC benchmarks,our method has synthesized circuits with lower power dissipation by 27% than area-oriented CMOS, and by 12% than SPL.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 15 Apr. 2001, Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan, 42 (4), 967 - 974, JapaneseThis paper presents a high-levelsynthesis system, called RMAC-V (Reconfigurable Machine Application Compiler for RM-V), for applications using SDRAMs implemented on the flexible architecture of RM-V(Reconfigurable Machine-V)combining FPGAs and memories.Given an application program written in the C language, RMAC-V produces an RT-level hardware description in VHDL. To reduce the clock counts needed to access memories, RMAC-V introduces two techniques: multi-clock scheduling and preloading row address. Experimental results on Wavelet Transform Engine (WTE) have shown 33 % fewer total clock counts than those with conventional method.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 11 May 2000, 情報処理学会研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2000 (37), 41 - 47, JapaneseThis paper presents an approach to rectify multiple logic design errors in LUT-based FPGA designs. This approach, called EXL-algorithm, combines two kinds of techniques:a pattern-based technique for locating errors like in the EXM-algorithm, and a BDD-based formal technique to fix LUT function at each location. This combination allows the EXL-algorithm to recitfy errors of LUT functions within practical processing time at 100 % hit ratio.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 11 May 2000, 情報処理学会研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2000 (37), 49 - 56, JapaneseThis paper presents Reconfigurable Machine:RM-V developed to accelerate a wide range of applications on the flexibie hardware architecture combining FPGAs and memories.RM-V consists of larger scale FPGAs, SRAMs, and SDRAMs offering×6.8 gete capacity and×170 memory capacity compared to the former prototype:RM-IV.RM-V offers higher flexibility and scality by using application specific base-board on which one to four mobule-boards are mountsd.Experimental results with image processing applications have shown that RM-V works at about×10 to ×30processing speed compared to software processing.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 11 May 2000, 情報処理学会研究報告システムLSI設計技術(SLDM), 2000 (37), 33 - 39, JapaneseThis paper presents Reconfigurable Machine:RM-V developed to accelerate a wide range of applications on the flexible hardware architecture combining FPGAs and memories. RM-V consists of larger scale FPGAs, SRAMs, and SDRAMs offering ×6.8 gate capacity and ×170 memory capacity compared to the former prototype:RM-IV. RM-V offers higher flexibility and scalability by using application specific base-board on which one to four module-boards are mounted. Experimental results with image processing applications have shown that RM-V works at about ×10 to ×30 processing speed compared to software processing.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 05 May 2000, Technical report of IEICE. VLD, 100 (36), 9 - 15, JapaneseThis paper presents an approach to rectify multiple logic design errors in LUT-based FPGA designs. This approach, called EXL-algorithm, combines two kinds of techniques:a pattern-based technique for locating errors like in the EXM-algorithm, and a BDD-based formal technique to fix LUT function at each location. This combination allows the EXL-algorithm to rectify errors of LUT functions within practical processing time at 100 % hit ratio.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 05 May 2000, Technical report of IEICE. VLD, 100 (36), 25 - 32, JapaneseThis paper presents a high-level synthesis system, called RMAC-V(Reconfigurable Machine Application Compiler for RM-V), for applications using SDRAMs implemented on the flexible architecture of RM-V(Reconfigurable Machine-V)combining FPGAs and memories. Given an application program written in the C language, RMAC-V produces an RT-level hardware description in VHDL. To reduce the clock counts needed to access memories, RMAC-V introduces two techniques:multi-clock scheduling and preloading row address. Experimental results on Wavelet Transform Engine(WTE)have shown 33 % fewer total clock counts than those with conventional method.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 05 May 2000, Technical report of IEICE. VLD, 100 (36), 17 - 23, JapaneseRectification of four or more design errors in a combinational circuit based on the EXM-algorithm, an existing algorithm for logic diagnosis, has been difficult due to processing time. This paper presents a logic diagnosis technique applicable to four or more design errors employing iterative diagnosis procedure for subcircuits extracted based on the correctness of primary output functions. By handling the subcircuits, the proposed algorithm reduces both the number of gates and the number of logic design errors to be considered at once for logic diagnosis. Experimental results demonstrate that most of circuits including four or more design errors can be rectified within shorter processing time.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 15 Apr. 2000, Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan, 41 (4), 970 - 973, JapaneseIn case of using BDD (Binary Decision Diagram) to synthesize pass transistor logic circuits, the circuit delay and the number of intermediate buffers increase according to the number of BDD stages, which is proportional to the number of primary inputs. We propose a synthesis technique for pass transistor logic based on sliced BDD, which is able to reduce the number of BDD stages, the circuit delay, and the number of transistors.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 15 Apr. 1999, Transactions of Information Processing Society of Japan, 40 (4), 1557 - 1564, Japanese画像復元問題の一解法として, 帯域間予測を用いた階層的ブラインドデコンボリューションを提案する.従来の階層的ブラインドデコンボリューションでは, 帯域分割後の高域成分の復元が困難であった.そこで本論文では, 低域成分の復元結果から帯域間予測を用いて高域成分を予測し, これらの合成結果を次の階層の初期画像とすることで復元画像の品質向上を図る手法を提案する.提案手法および従来手法による復元能力の比較実験の結果, 帯域間予測の有効性を確認した.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Dec. 1998, The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineers., 81 (12), 2712 - 2717, Japanese本論文では,ゲートレベルの組合せ回路に対する論理設計誤りの診断手法を提案し,更にその誤りを修正する方法について考察する.本手法では,論理設計誤りをゲートレベルでモデル化して考え,診断手法としては,多重縮退故障のテスト生成に用いられるベクトルペア解析を利用する.論理設計誤りが原因で生じる信号値を縮退故障が原因で生じる信号値に対応させることにより,ベクトルペア解析を応用した誤り診断が可能となる.ベクトルペア解析を用いた診断の結果は,正常回路への修正方法の指針をも与える.但し,信号線欠落による誤りに対しては,ベクトルペア解析では十分診断できず,テストベクトルに対するゲート入力の制御値の影響を考慮することで診断可能となる.また,誤りの可能性がある領域をより絞るための手法を提案する.更に,ISCAS'85のべンチマーク回路に対する実験結果により,本手法の単一論理設計誤りに対する有効性を示す.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 25 Dec. 1996, The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineers., 79 (12), 1009 - 1016, JapaneseConventional speed-up techniques for CAD algorithms using special-purpose engines based on wired-logic, microprogrammed engines, or general purpose parallel machines could not achieve high performance and high flexibility at the same time. This paper surveys Reconfigurable Machlnes: RM-I, -II, -III, and -IV capable of efficiently implementing a wide range of computationally complex algorithms on its flexible architecture combining reconfigurable FPGA's and memories. Their "gate-level programmability" allows us to implement various kinds of algorithms in wired-logic. Reconfigurable Machines have been applied to CAD applications including logic simulation and logic diagnosis, image processing like Wavelet transform and blind deconvolution, and systolic algorithm for matrix multiplication. The results have shown their high performance comparable to special-purpose engines as well as their high flexibility.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 13 Dec. 1996, Technical report of IEICE. VLD, 96 (425), 119 - 126, Japanese論理回路の大規模化,複雑化に伴い,論理回路の自動設計が必要不可欠となっている。しかし,回路規模や性能に対する要求が厳しい場合は,人手設計に頼らざるを得ない。人手の加わった部分については,論理検証が不可欠であり,誤りの存在が確認された際の誤り追跡・修正の自動化が求められる。そこで本稿では,論理診断手法としてすでに提案されている拡張X-伝搬法において,その処理の煩雑さから従来対応していなかったゲート素子の過剰と欠落の二つの誤りに対応する手法を提案する。網羅的な処理を可能な限り回避しながら,検出率の向上を目指した。
04 Sep. 1996, 全国大会講演論文集, 53, 31 - 32, JapaneseDCTによる画像符号化手法の問題点として、演算量の多さやブロック歪みの発生が挙げられる。これらの問題点を解決するために、DCTの高速アルゴリズムやサブバンド分割手法が提案されてきたが、それらの研究は個別に行われてきた。しかしDCTの高速アルゴリズムは実はサブバンド分割と密接な関係がある。本稿では両者の関係について述べた後、サブバンドDCTを用いた符号化手法を提案するJPEG方式との比較の結果,低ビットレートの符号化の際に良好な結果を得たので報告する。
04 Sep. 1996, 全国大会講演論文集, 53, 351 - 352, JapaneseAn supporting system for education/research through computer communication is developed. This system provides a client-server database of academic information with multimedia feature on a personal computer. A client machine can access to the server through a computer network or a telephone line. Four types of information are include : "General introduction", "Education and research", "Social service" and "Communication salon". Users can access to those corners through a comfortable graphical interface. The experimental test confirms that even the beginner can use this system easily.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 22 Jul. 1995, IEICE technical report. Education technology, 95 (176), 91 - 96, JapaneseAlthough the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and wavelet transform have been used as effective techniques for reducing the redundancy of image waveforms, they have the problems of high complexity and causing block distortion. Tn this paper, a Haar wavelet transform with interband prediction is proposed that permits high-speed processing and which is suitable for coding as a subband decomposition technique since it generates little block distortion in the decoded images. The interband prediction method of this proposed transform method uses the derivative of the low-band waveform to predict the high-band waveform each time a band is split into two subbands. This results in a transform process that gives a prediction residual signal with lower entropy. During the inverse transform, the prediction coefficients obtained from the forward transform are used to predict the high-frequency waveforms and then, by adding the prediction residual, the original high frequency waveforms are reconstructed. Because the high-frequency waveforms are generated that smoothly interpolate the up-sampled, low-frequency waveforms, any block effects from this prediction technique are difficult to see in the decoded image. A detailed analysis of the proposed interband prediction process is performed by interpreting the proposed transform as a subband decomposition process that is based on the use of a symmetric short-kernel filter (SSKF) filter bank; then experiments are conducted that demonstrate its performance as a subband decomposition for coding of real image data and the possibility of progressive build-up of the decoded images. Results show that this transform method is effective for coding image data.
SCRIPTA TECHNICA PUBL, Apr. 1995, ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC SCIENCE, 78 (4), 103 - 114, EnglishIn this paper we propose a method for diagnosing and rectifying logic design errors in the gate-level combinational circuits. This method employs the vector pair analysis that is developed for detection and diagnosis of multiple stuck-at faults. In this analysis, signal values which are caused by stuck-at faults are regarded as signal values which are caused by logic design errors. How to rectify the design errors is also indicated as the result of the analysis. Experimental results for ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits show the effectiveness of this method for single errors.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 1995, Technical report of IEICE. FTS, FTC95 - 28, Japanese離散コサイン変換(DCT)やウェーブレット変換は画像信号の冗長抑圧に有効な手法として利用されているが,処理の複雑さやブロックひずみの発生が問題となっている.そこで本論文では,高速処理が可能であり,符号化に適し,かつブロックひずみの少ない再生画像が得られる帯域分割手法として,帯域間予測を用いたハール・ウェーブレット変換を提案する.本変換手法で用いる帯域間予測とは,帯域を2分割するたびに低域信号のこう配から高域信号を予測し,それをよりエントロピーの低い補正信号に変換する処理である.逆変換の際は正変換の際と同じ予測係数を用いて高域信号を予測し,これに補正信号を加算することによってもとの高域信号を再構成する.この予測処理ではアップサンプリングされた低域信号を滑らかに補間するような高域信号を生成するため,再生画像にブロックひずみが現れにくくなる.本論文では提案する帯域間予測処理をSSKFバンクを用いたサブバンド分割の考え方に基づいて詳しく解析した後に,本変換手法を用いた実画像データの帯域分割と符号化,プログレッシブビルドアップによる再生の実験を行い,本変換手法が画像データの符号化に有効であることを示す.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 01 Dec. 1994, The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineers. A, 77 (12), 1738 - 1746, JapaneseThis paper presents a Reconfigurable Machine (RM), capable of efficiently implementing a wide range of computationally complex algorithms. Its highly flexible architecture combining re-programmable FPGA's with RAM's supports a wide range of applications. Since its "gate-level programmability" allows us to implement various kinds of parallel processing techniques, RM provides a performance comparable to existing "special-purpose" engines for LSI CAD. The dynamic recongifuration capability of FPGA's is used to reload several kinds of configuration data while power is applied to them. Thus, RM behaves itself like a general-purpose computer applicable to various kinds of applications by loading programs. A Reconfigurable Machine prototype, called RM-I, has been built as the first prototype incorporating five FPGA's and four SRAM memory banks. RM-I has been applied to logic diagnosis, which locates logic design errors in gate-level combinational circuits. Two kinds of locating processes have been implemented on a Logic Diagnosis Engine (LDE) employing RM-I as a hardware platform. LDE has achieved the processing speeds 35 to 50 times as fast as that on a 15 MIPS computer. The concept of RM is one of the best solution to the trade-offs between general-purpose machines and special-purpose ones.
Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ), 15 Nov. 1994, IPSJ Journal, 35 (11), 2488 - 2499, JapaneseThis paper presents a Reconfigurable Machine-III(RM-111)based on the concept of Reconfigurable Machine,capable of efficiently implementing a wide range of computationally complex algorithms on its flexible architecture combining FPGAs and memories.RM-111 has been built to provide higher flexibility and,larger capacity than the previous prototypes:RM-1 and RM11.RM-111 incorporates 4 FPIC′s to provide flexible interconnection between FPGAs and memories, where we can implement a variety of data-path architectures.RM-111 has been applied to a logic simulator and a matrix multiplier,and has shown higher flexibility than RM-11 without degritdation in the performance.
The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 22 Sep. 1994, IEICE technical report. Computer systems, 94 (257), 33 - 40, JapaneseOral presentation
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半導体装置(2)
特願2005-360347, 14 Dec. 2005, 大学長, 特許4884760, 16 Dec. 2011Patent right
半導体装置(1)
特願2005-159178, 31 May 2005, 大学長, 特許4869631, 25 Nov. 2011Patent right
コンパレータ回路
特願44369, 01 Mar. 2010, 企業単独, 特許未登録, 01 Mar. 2010Patent right
コンテンツ選択支援装置
特願2002-262774, 09 Sep. 2002, 大学長, 特許4220202, 21 Nov. 2008Patent right